Vocabulary from Chapter 1 of Exploring Psychology (Ninth Edition) by David G. Myers.
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| 1647074939 | behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental process. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). | 0 | |
| 1647074940 | humanistic psychology | historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth | 1 | |
| 1647074941 | cognitive neuroscience | the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) | 2 | |
| 1647074942 | psychology | the science of behavior and mental processes | 3 | |
| 1647074943 | nature-nurture issue | the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture | 4 | |
| 1647074944 | levels of analysis | the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon | 5 | |
| 1647074945 | biopsychosocial approach | an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis | 6 | |
| 1647074946 | basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base | 7 | |
| 1647074947 | applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems | 8 | |
| 1647074948 | counseling psychology | a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being | 9 | |
| 1647074949 | clinical psychology | a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders | 10 | |
| 1647074950 | psychiatry | a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy | 11 | |
| 1647074951 | hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it | 12 | |
| 1647074952 | critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclisui, thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions | 13 | |
| 1647074953 | theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events | 14 | |
| 1647074954 | hypothesis | a testable prediction; often implied by a theory | 15 | |
| 1647074955 | operations definition | a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables | 16 | |
| 1647074956 | replication | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances | 17 | |
| 1647074957 | case study | an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles | 18 | |
| 1647074958 | survey | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group | 19 | |
| 1647074959 | population | all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn | 20 | |
| 1647074960 | random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion | 21 | |
| 1647074961 | naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation | 22 | |
| 1647074962 | correlation | a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other | 23 | |
| 1647074963 | experiment | a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors. | 24 | |
| 1647074964 | random assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups | 25 | |
| 1647074965 | experimental group | in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable | 26 | |
| 1647074966 | control group | in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. | 27 | |
| 1647074967 | double-blind procedure | an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies | 28 | |
| 1647074968 | placebo | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. | 29 | |
| 1647074969 | independent variable | the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied | 30 | |
| 1647074970 | dependent variable | the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable | 31 | |
| 1647074971 | culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next | 32 | |
| 1647074972 | SQ3R | a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review. | 33 | |
| 1647074973 | structuralism | used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind | 34 | |
| 1647074974 | functionalism | explored how mental and behavioral processes function | 35 | |
| 1647074975 | natural selection | those traits contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations | 36 | |
| 1647074976 | positive psychology | study of human functioning, with the goal of discovering and promoting strengths to help individuals to thrive | 37 | |
| 1647074977 | correlation coefficient | statistical index of the relationship between two things | 38 | |
| 1647074978 | confounding variable | a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment | 39 | |
| 1647074979 | informed consent | giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate | 40 | |
| 1647074980 | debriefing | explanation of a study, including purpose and any deceptions to its participants | 41 | |
| 1647074981 | testing effect | enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information | 42 |
