sensation and perception
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| 5423668129 | sensation | the process by which our sensing organs detect physical energy (a stimulus) in the environment and convert in into neural signals | 0 | |
| 5423668130 | perception | the process by which the brain actively organizes and interprets sensations | 1 | |
| 5423668131 | stimulus energy | light, sound, smell, etc | 2 | |
| 5423668132 | sensory receptors | detect stimulus information and transmit it by initiating action potentials (transduction). They communiccate with sernsory neurons which send info to the brain | 3 | |
| 5423668133 | smell | the only sensation not routed through the thalamus | 4 | |
| 5423668134 | vision | this sensation is sent to the occipital lobes | 5 | |
| 5423668135 | hearing | this sensation is sent to the temporal lobes | 6 | |
| 5423668136 | touch | this sensation is sent to the parietal lobes | 7 | |
| 5423668137 | bottom up processing (sensory) | analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind | 8 | |
| 5423668138 | top down processing | information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations | 9 | |
| 5423668139 | perceptual set | when the order in which you look at figures in set affects the way you see them | 10 | |
| 5423668140 | psychophysics | the study of the relationship between physical stimulation and subjective sensations | 11 | |
| 5423668141 | absolute threshold | the smallest amount of stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time | 12 | |
| 5423668142 | difference theshold | the smallest amount of change in a stimulus that can be detected, increases with the magnitude of the stimulus | 13 | |
| 5423668143 | weber's law | principle that two stimulus must differ by a constant minimum percentage, rather than a constant amount, to be perceived as different, exact proportion varies with stimulus | 14 | |
| 5423668144 | sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation | 15 | |
| 5423668145 | sight | the only sense that doesn't undergo sensory adaptation | 16 | |
| 5423668146 | transduction | in sensation, the transformation of stimulus energy (sights, sounds, smalls) into neural impulses | 17 | |
| 5423668147 | frequency | pitch, determined by rate of vibration, number of times pressure wave moves from peak to peak | 18 | |
| 5423668148 | wavelength | the distance from peak of one wave to the peak of the next | 19 | |
| 5423668149 | signal detection theory | a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus, amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation and level of fatigue | 20 | |
| 5423668150 | subliminal | below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness | 21 | |
| 5423668151 | priming | the activation, often unconsciously of certain associations thus predisposing one's perception, memory or responses (money, santa, an image on a milk carton, a news story) | 22 | |
| 5423668152 | hue | the dimension of color that is determined by the wave length of light; what we know as the color names | 23 | |
| 5423668153 | light intensity | the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude | 24 | |
| 5423668154 | pupil | the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters | 25 | |
| 5423668155 | iris | a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening | 26 | |
| 5423668156 | lens | the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina | 27 | |
| 5423668157 | retina | the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information | 28 | |
| 5423668158 | accommodation (sight) | the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina | 29 | |
| 5423668159 | rods | retinal receptors that detect black, white and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond | 30 | |
| 5423668160 | cones | retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retinal and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. They detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations | 31 | |
| 5423668161 | optic nerve | the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain | 32 | |
| 5423668162 | blind spot | the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, no receptor cells are located in that area | 33 | |
| 5423668163 | fovea | the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster | 34 | |
| 5423668164 | feature detectors | nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement | 35 | |
| 5423668165 | parallel processing | the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing, The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. | 36 | |
| 5423668166 | Young Helmholtz trichromatic theory | theory that the retina contains 3 different color receptors - red blue and green and they can make any color | 37 | |
| 5423668167 | Opponent Process Theory | The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green | 38 | |
| 5423668168 | audition | the sense or act of hearing | 39 | |
| 5423668169 | middle ear | the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window | 40 | |
| 5423668170 | cochlea | a coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses | 41 | |
| 5423668171 | inner ear | the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs | 42 | |
| 5423668172 | place theory | in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated | 43 | |
| 5423668173 | frequency theory | In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. | 44 | |
| 5423668174 | conduction hearing loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea | 45 | |
| 5423668175 | sensorineural hearing loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafnerss | 46 | |
| 5423668176 | cochlear implant | a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea | 47 | |
| 5423668177 | kinesthesis | the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts | 48 | |
| 5423668178 | vestibular sense | the sense of body movement and positions, including the sense of balance | 49 | |
| 5423668179 | gate control theory | the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks the pain signals or allows them to pass on the brain, The gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or bu information coming from the brain | 50 | |
| 5423668180 | sensory interaction | the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste | 51 | |
| 5423668181 | gestalt | an organized whole. these psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes (missing parts of a picture are included by our mind ad we see a whole) | 52 | |
| 5423668182 | figure ground | the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings | 53 | |
| 5423668183 | grouping | the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups | 54 | |
| 5423668184 | depth perception | the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional ; allow us to judge distance | 55 | |
| 5423668185 | visual cliff | a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals | 56 | |
| 5423668186 | binocular cues | depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes | 57 | |
| 5423668187 | retinal disparity | a binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the close the object | 58 | |
| 5423668188 | monocular cues | Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone | 59 | |
| 5423668189 | color constancy | Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object | 60 | |
| 5423668190 | perceptual adaption | in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field | 61 | |
| 5423668191 | human factors psychology | A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use | 62 | |
| 5423668192 | extrasensory perception (ESP) | the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. | 63 | |
| 5423668193 | parapsychology | the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis | 64 | |
| 5423669860 | prosopagnosia | face blindness | 65 | |
| 5423779675 | masking stimulus | interrupts brains processing before conscious perception | 66 | |
| 5423856694 | cornea | protects the eye and bends light to provide focus | 67 | |
| 5423866174 | bipolar cells | triggered by chemical changes | 68 | |
| 5423867958 | ganglion cells | activated by bipolar cells | 69 |
