Chapter 1 Review cards for - Exploring Psychology Ninth Edition by David G. Myers
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| 1010133591 | Psychology | The science of behavior and mental processes | 1 | |
| 1010133592 | Structuralism | An early school of thought promoted by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, which used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind. | 2 | |
| 1010133593 | Functionalism | An early school of thought promoted by William James and influenced by Charles Darwin, which explored how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. | 3 | |
| 1010133594 | Wilhelm Wundt | Established the first Psychology labroatory at the University of Leipzig, Germany. | 4 | |
| 1010133595 | Edward Titchener | Co-promoted structuralism with Wundt. | 5 | |
| 1010133596 | William James | Teacher/Writer who wrote an important 1890 Psychology text. | 6 | |
| 1010133597 | Behaviorism | The view that Psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. | 7 | |
| 1010133598 | Humanistic Psychology | Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people. | 8 | |
| 1010133599 | Cognitive Neuroscience | The interdisciplinary study of the brian activity linked with cognition. | 9 | |
| 1010133600 | Nature - Nurture Issue | The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. | 10 | |
| 1010133601 | John B. Watson | Famous for "championing" Psychology as the science of behavior with his experiment "Little Albert". | 11 | |
| 1010133602 | B.F.Skinner | A behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior. | 12 | |
| 1010133603 | Sigmund Freud | Produced controversial ideas that influenced humanity's self - understanding. | 13 | |
| 1010133604 | Natural Selection | The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. | 14 | |
| 1010133605 | Basic Research | Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. | 15 | |
| 1010133606 | Applied Research | Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. | 16 | |
| 1010133607 | Counselling Psychology | A branch of Psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well - being. | 17 | |
| 1010133608 | Clinical Psychology | A branch of Psychology that studys, assesses, and treats people with Psychological disorders. | 18 | |
| 1010133609 | Psychiatry | A branch of medicine dealing with Psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy. | 19 | |
| 1010133610 | Hindsight Bias | The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. | 20 | |
| 1010133611 | Critical Thinking | Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. | 21 | |
| 1010133612 | Theory | An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. | 22 | |
| 1010133613 | Hypothesis | A testable prediction, often implied by a theory | 23 | |
| 1010133614 | Operational Definition | A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. | 24 | |
| 1010133615 | Replication | Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. | 25 | |
| 1010133616 | Case Study | An observational technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. | 26 | |
| 1010133617 | Naturalistic Observation | Observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. | 27 | |
| 1010133618 | Survey | A technique for acertaining the self- reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. | 28 | |
| 1010133619 | Population | All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. | 29 | |
| 1010133620 | Random Sample | A sample that fairly represents a group because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. | 30 | |
| 1010133621 | Correlation | A measure of extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. | 31 | |
| 1010133622 | Correlation Coefficient | A statistical index of the relationship between two things. | 32 | |
| 1010133623 | Experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. | 33 | |
| 1010133624 | Experimental Group | In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independant variable. | 34 | |
| 1010133625 | Control Group | In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. | 35 | |
| 1010133626 | Random Assignment | Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing prexisting differences between the different groups. | 36 | |
| 1010133627 | Double - Blind Procedure | An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have recieved the treatment or the placebo. | 37 | |
| 1010133628 | Placebo Effect | Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. | 38 | |
| 1010133629 | Independant Variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. | 39 | |
| 1010133630 | Dependant Variable | The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independant variable. | 40 | |
| 1010133631 | Confounding Variable | A factor other than the independant variable that might produce an effect in an experiment. | 41 | |
| 1010133632 | Culture | The enduring behaviors,ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. | 42 | |
| 1010133633 | Informed Consent | Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate. | 43 | |
| 1010133634 | Debriefing | The postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants. | 44 | |
| 1010133635 | Testing Effect | Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. | 45 | |
| 1010133636 | SQ3R | A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review. | 46 |
