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| 2942026819 | Lipids | Used as energy in biomembranes, as signaling hormones, waterproofing, insulation. Fraction of any biological material which was extractable by non-polar solvents. Water insoluble biomolecules. Hydrophobic. | 0 | |
| 2942042300 | Fatty Acids | Amphipathic molecules that are part of lipids. Made up of a hydrophobic chain and carb acid head. Saturated=all single bonds, unsaturated= at least one double bond. |  | 1 |
| 2942048579 | Waxes | Long chain lipids that melt at high temperatures. Water proof. | 2 | |
| 2942051761 | Paraffin | Wax. Very long hydrocarbons (over 20 C) | 3 | |
| 2942052988 | Waxy esters | Long FA esterified to an alcohol, 25% of nonpolar lipids excretedfrom human skin. | 4 | |
| 2942056558 | Glycerol | Backbone of triglycerides |  | 5 |
| 2942058940 | glycerophospholipids | Glycerol-based phospholipids. They are the main component of biological membranes. |  | 6 |
| 2942068763 | Sphingolipids | a class of lipids containing a backbone of sphingoid bases, important in signal transmission and cell recognition. |  | 7 |
| 2942075264 | Cholesterol | 27C amphipathic molecule in lipoprotein particles, plasma membranes, and used to synthesize bile salts and steroid hormones. | 8 | |
| 2942081381 | Sterols | A subgroup of steroids with a hydroxyl group at the 3-position of the A-ring. They are amphipathic lipids synthesized from acetyl-coenzyme A. Important ones=cholesterol esters and bile salts. | 9 | |
| 2942088027 | Cholesterol esters | FA esterified to cholesterol | 10 | |
| 2942092647 | Bile salts | Detergents that dissolve hydrophobic food molecules | 11 | |
| 2942095604 | Storage lipids | Triacylglycerol (triglyceride) and cholesterol ester. Hydrophobic, exist inside a lipid droplet or lipoprotein particle | 12 | |
| 2942099576 | Triacylglycerol | Fuel storage and plasma transport via lipoprotein particles. In adipose cells. Lots of energy. |  | 13 |
| 2942103045 | Fat soluble vitamins | Molecules can exist inside a lipid droplet with no interation with water. Includes Vitamins A, D, E, K | 14 | |
| 2942106773 | Vitamin A | Used to generate retinol, retinal and retinoic acid, important for vision and hormone signalling | 15 | |
| 2942110447 | Vitamin D | Synthesized from cholesterol in response to light, used in the kidney and the liver | 16 | |
| 2942112742 | Vitamin E | Fat soluble antioxidant | 17 | |
| 2942114547 | Vitamin K | Enhances blood clotting | 18 | |
| 2942117159 | FA Nomenclature | Carbon at carboxyl group is Carbon 1. alpha carbon is immediately adjacent to C1. omega carbon=last carbon. omega 9 fatty acid=double bond at C9. |  | 19 |
| 2942148601 | Melting points of FA | Double bonds significantly lower the mp, especially cis double bonds. Shortening of the chain length will also lower the mp by a little bit. | 20 | |
| 2942157743 | Adipocyte fat globules | Anhydrous and low density. Glycogen is very polar and heavily hydrated. In adipocytes, triglyceride droplets coalesce to form a single globule. | 21 | |
| 2942162183 | Saponification | Triglycerides can be converted to soap by treating with a strong base which cleaves the ester bond and releases the fatty acid salt and glycerol. | 22 | |
| 2942172620 | Lipases | Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fatty acid esters from the glycerol backbone of triglycerides | 23 | |
| 2942174960 | Source of FA | Come from diet. TGs are converted to chylomicrons in the intestine which go to the bloodstream. Hepatic TGs-generate VLDL. Adipose FA-dump FA into blood to bind serum albumin. | 24 | |
| 2942181335 | Lipogenesis | Process by which FA are synthesized adn made into TGs, occurs primarily in the liver. | 25 | |
| 2942185551 | Lipolysis | Stimulated by glucagon. Harvesting of TGs from adipose tissue | 26 | |
| 2942187356 | Insulin | Signals well fed state; inhibits breakdown of TGs and FAs, istimulates synth of FAs and TGs. | 27 | |
| 2942190725 | Glucagon | Signals hunger state. Breakdown of TG and FA and Glycogen. Inhibits storage and synth of FA. | 28 | |
| 2942197855 | Glucagon stimulation of lipolysis | cAMP-PKA activates hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) in adipocytes. PKA phosphorylates perilipin, a lipid droplet coating protein, allowing HSL to bind perilipin and have access to TGs. Resulting FA bind to serum albumin in the blood stream. | 29 | |
| 2942207437 | Formation of Acyl CoA | If a FA is going to become part of another lipids or will enter mitochondria or peroxisome, it must first be derivatized with CoA. Uses Fatty acyl CoA synthestase to do this. Acyl CoA cannot diffuse across the inner mitochondrial membrane. | 30 | |
| 2942219181 | Acyl Carnitine | Form of acyl CoA that can diffuse across the mitochondrial membrane, then is turned back to Acyl CoA | 31 | |
| 2942221454 | Carnitine | Compound required for transport of FA from intermembranous space in the mitochondrial matrix during breakdown of lipids | 32 | |
| 2942225262 | Mitochondrial Carnitine Shuttle | The carnitine shuttle is responsible for transferring long-chain fatty acids across the barrier of the inner mitochondrial membrane to gain access to the enzymes of beta-oxidation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mw5Hg5OUEGY | 33 | |
| 2942266597 | B Oxidation of FA | The catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH2, which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain. Occurs in muscle, liver and kidney. Occurs in the mitochondria. B Oxidation intermediates are bound to CoA. Requires oxidizing power of NAD+ and FAD. Results: 1 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 Acetyl CoA--> 3 NADH, 1 FAHD2, and 1 GTP from the Krebs Cycle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaeSPo39xEE |  | 34 |
| 2942321734 | Carnitine Definiciency | Results in muscle cramping (mild cases), severe weakness and death (severe cases). Treatment=oral carnitine | 35 | |
| 2942325596 | Carnitine acyl transferase deficiency | Muscle weakness during prolonged exercise. Oral carnitine won't help because it's deficient in the enzyme, not carnitine. | 36 | |
| 2942882205 | MCAD Deficiency | Medium chain fatty acyl CoA Dehydrogenase actes on medium length (C10 and C8) fatty acids. Mutation K304E-protein is misfolded. Causes hypoglycemia as tissues demand more glucose due to poor B oxidation of fatty acids. Strongly affect infants because they depend on milk that is rich in medium chain fatty acyl CoA. Treatment is a high carb diet. | 37 | |
| 2942897162 | Ketogenesis | Ketone body production. Acetoacetate in the liver is either reduced to the alcohol, hydroxybutyrate, or decarboxylated to form acetone. All of these are ketone bodies. | 38 | |
| 2942903354 | Ketoacidosis | Most common in Type I diabetes (insulin dependent). Happens when ketone body production exceeds use. Ketonemia and ketonuria occur. | 39 | |
| 2942933842 | Peroxisomal FA Degradation | Peroxisome degrades long FA and beta branched FA. Beta oxidation in the peroxisome differs in the 1st step where oxygen accepts the electrons from FADH2. This generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which is rapidly eliminated by catalase activity. The remaining 3 steps of the beta oxidation are the same. Acetyl CoA resulting from peroxisomal beta oxidation is shipped out of the peroxisome as citrate or acetyl carnitine, both of which can enter the mitochondria without further modification. | 40 | |
| 2942944936 | Zellweger Syndrome | results from the absence of functional peroxisomes. Results in buildup of long chain and beta-branched fatty acids which affects multiple organs and muscle tissue during fetal and early development. With no cure, typically fatal by 6 yr old. | 41 | |
| 2942959598 | FA Synthesis (anabolism) | Mostly occurs in the liver in the cytosol. Starts with pre-condensation when acetyl CoA and malonyl CoA get into position to add ACP and FA synthase. Acetyl groups add to malonyl ACP and CO2 is lost. Condensation with the growing acyl chain proceeds. Intermediates are bound to the acyl carrier protein. Synthesis requires the reducing power of NADPH. Consumes Acetyl CoA. |  | 42 |
| 2942974706 | Malonyl CoA Formation | Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (or malonyl CoA synthetase) adds CO2 to acetyl CoA. Biotin is a coenzyme (vitamin B7) that is carboxylated, thus activating CO2. Transcarboxylation adds CO2 to acetyl CoA. |  | 43 |
| 2943014358 | Citrate Shuttle | Supplies most of the acetyl CoA for FA synthesis in most humans. Supplies half of the NADPH for FA synthesis in humans. Other 50% comes from the PPP. | 44 | |
| 2943021605 | Acetyl CoA Carboxylase | Key enzyme in regulation of fatty acids. Hormonal control. High glucagon activates PKA which inactivates the carboxylase. High insulin reverses PKA activity and activates the carboxylase. Citrate is an allosteric activator of acetyl CoA carboxylase. |  | 45 |
| 2943044771 | Essential fatty acids | Some polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) synthesized by plants that are required in the diet of higher animals. Example: In order to make the eicosanoid hormones, we must get arachidonic acid or make it from one of its precursors: Linoleic acid (C18:2,9,12) -linolenic acid (C18:3, 6,9,12) arachidonic acid (C20:4,5,8,11,14) | 46 |
