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| 2908206961 | FAs can exist in different forms in the body like | free fatty acids fatty acyl esters in TAGs | 0 | |
| 2908210264 | Free fatty acids can be oxidized by many tissues to produce energy particulary in where? | muscle and liver | 1 | |
| 2908213332 | What is the structure of fatty acid? | hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain with hydrophilic carboxyl group | 2 | |
| 2908214506 | Is fatty acid amphipatheic? | yes | 3 | |
| 2908217528 | Which carbon is alpha carbon in fatty acid? | second one counting from the carboxylic group | 4 | |
| 2908224527 | 90% of the FAs found in plasma are in the form of? | fatty acid esters, primarily triacylglycerol, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids | 5 | |
| 2908233864 | Unesterified (free) amino acids are transported in the circulation in association with what? | albumin (water soluble protein) | 6 | |
| 2908242743 | True/False. fattcy acids are monocarboxylic acids that typically contain hydrocarbon of variable length | True | 7 | |
| 2908244651 | What is the range for the length of the hydrocarbon chain? | between 12-20 | 8 | |
| 2908250512 | saturated fatty acids | carbon chains contain only carbon-carbon single bonds | 9 | |
| 2908251701 | unsaturated fatty acids | contain one or more double bonds | 10 | |
| 2908257196 | double bonds are rigid structures, so molecules that contain them can occur in 2 isometric forms, which are | 1. cis, more common 2. trans, artificial | 11 | |
| 2908257197 | which isometric forms cause an inflexible "kink" in a fatty acid chain? | cis double bond | 12 | |
| 2908268633 | True or False. unsaturated FAs do not pack as tightly together and have a lower melting point (liquids at room temperature) | True | 13 | |
| 2908270450 | longer the hydrocarbon chain, | the higher the melting point | 14 | |
| 2908273313 | If the fatty acid has more than one double bond, they are always spaced at | 3-carbon interval | 15 | |
| 2908295617 | nonessential fatty acids | fatty acids that can be synthesized by the body | 16 | |
| 2908297563 | essential fatty acids | fatty acids that cannot be synthesized thus must be obtained from the diet | 17 | |
| 2908301107 | what are some essential fatty acids? | - linoleic acid - alpha-linolenic acid | 18 | |
| 2908313473 | linoleic acid and its derivatives are referred to as | omega-6 fatty acids | 19 | |
| 2908319029 | alpha-linolenic acid and its derivatives are called | omega-3-fatty acids | 20 | |
| 2908446830 | De novo synthesis of fatty acids | 21 | ||
| 2908452395 | a large portion of the fatty acids used by the body is supplied by what? | diet | 22 | |
| 2908456896 | excess carbs and proteins from the diet needs to be converted to fatty acids, which are stored as | triacylglycerols | 23 | |
| 2908459492 | where does fatty acid synthesis occur in adults? | liver (mainly) lactating mammary glands adipose tissue (to a lesser extent) | 24 | |
| 2908460618 | where does fatty acid synthesis occur in the cell? | cytosol | 25 | |
| 2908642554 | Synthesis of Palmitate by multifuntional fatty acid synthase (FAS) | study picture | 26 | |
| 2908730624 | True or False. FAS (fatty acid synthase) is a multifunctional enzyme | True | 27 | |
| 2908736742 | Fatty acid synthase cannot handle more than how many carbons? | 16 | 28 | |
| 2908745321 | additional 2 carbon units are provided by | malonyl CoA | 29 | |
| 2908739009 | palmitate can be further elongated by the addition of 2 carbon units in where in the cell? | smooth ER | 30 | |
| 2908749111 | Further elongation | 31 | ||
| 2908752208 | electrons are provided by | NADPH | 32 | |
| 2908754719 | True or False. separate enzyme other than FAS are required | True. | 33 | |
| 2908767044 | Desaturation of fatty acid chains | 34 | ||
| 2908769049 | where are the enzymes that desatruate fatty acid chains are located, (introducing cis double bond)? | smooth ER | 35 | |
| 2908779125 | Where is the first double bond typically inserted? | between carbons 9 and 10 | 36 | |
| 2908781823 | Beyond what carbon, mammals cannot introduce a double bond? | carbon 9 | 37 | |
| 2908787592 | Storage of fatty acids as components of triacylglycerols | 38 | ||
| 2908842131 | Structure of triacylglycerols | 39 | ||
| 2908792048 | True or False. Mono, di and triacylglycerols consist of one, two or three molecules of fatty acid esterified to a molecule of glycerol | True | 40 | |
| 2908793827 | If a species of acylglycerol is solid at room temp, it's called | a fat | 41 | |
| 2908795707 | If a species of acylglycerol is liquid at room temp, it's called | oil | 42 | |
| 2908839899 | True or False. the 3 fatty acids esterified to a glycerol molecule are usually the same type. | False | 43 | |
| 2908844710 | Carbon #1 of triacylglycerol is typically | saturated | 44 | |
| 2908846246 | Carbon #2 of triacylglycerol is typically | unsaturated | 45 | |
| 2908852983 | Carbon #3 of triacylglycerol is typically | can be either | 46 | |
| 2908859881 | True or False. TAGs are only slightly soluble in water and cannot form stable michelles by themselves | True | 47 | |
| 2908863277 | They colesce within within what cells to form oily droplets that are nearly anhydrous? | adipocytes | 48 | |
| 2908866297 | True or False. these cytosolic lipid droplets are the major energy reserve for the body | True | 49 | |
| 2908887632 | Synthesis of glycerol phosphate | study the picture | 50 | |
| 2908920557 | adipose tissue lack which enzyme? | glycerol kinase | 51 | |
| 2908932171 | FA attach to what before it can participate in metabolic processes such as TAG synthesis? | attach to CoA | 52 | |
| 2908935543 | enzymes involved in TAG synthesis | fatty acyl CoA synthetases (thiokinases) | 53 | |
| 2908944514 | What is the starting molecule in TAG synthesis? | glycerol phosphate | 54 | |
| 2909005494 | True or False. a lot of TAG is stored in the liver | False. Most exported, packaged with other lipids and apolipoprotein particles called VLDL | 55 | |
| 2909014621 | Where is TAG mostly stored? | in adipose tissue. It is stored nearly anhydrous form as fat droplets in the cytosol of cells | 56 | |
| 2909019404 | Mobilization of stored fats and oxidation of fatty acids | 57 | ||
| 2909026180 | how much energy produced when fatty acid completely oxidized? | 9 kcal/g fat | 58 | |
| 2909030154 | how much energy produced when proteins completely oxidized? | 4 kcal/g protein | 59 | |
| 2909032476 | how much energy produced when carbohydrate completely oxidized? | 4 kcal/g carbs | 60 | |
| 2909041248 | Which enzyme is needed to release fatty acids from triacylglycerol? | hormone-sensitive lipase | 61 | |
| 2909048034 | How hormone-sensitive lipase work? | removes a fatty acid from carbon 1 and carbon 3. additionl lipases remove the remaining fatty acids | 62 | |
| 2909059649 | Beta-oxidation of fatty acids | two-carbon fragments are successively removed from the carboxyl end of the fatty acyl CoA produing acetyl CoA | 63 | |
| 2909116429 | Where does beta-oxidation of fatty acids occur? | mitochondria | 64 | |
| 2909153729 | Can fatty acids shorter than 12 carbons can cross the innter mitochondrial membrane without carnitine? | yes | 65 | |
| 2909158647 | even number of fatty acids are more common. what happens to the odd numbered-fatty acid such as propionyl CoA (has 3 carbons)? | The final three carbons metabolized to succinyl CoA | 66 | |
| 2909164038 | what happens to the unsatruated fatty acids? | produce less energy because they are less reduced. they also requires additional enzymes for isomerization and reduction | 67 | |
| 2909170343 | Very very long fatty acids (22 carbons or longer) undergo preliminary beta-oxidation in where? | peroxisomes. shortened fatty acid diffuses to mitochondrion for further oxidation | 68 | |
| 2909186344 | During what the liver is flooded with fatty acids mobilized from adipose tissue? | fasting | 69 | |
| 2909192843 | During ketogenesis acetyl CoA produce what molecule? | Acetone | 70 | |
| 2909198587 | when the rate of formation of ketone bodies is greater than the rate of their use, their levels begin to rise in the blood and eventually in the urine. these are frequently seen in | type 1 diabetes | 71 | |
| 2909201505 | ketonemia | high ketone level in blood | 72 | |
| 2909203481 | ketouria | high ketone level in urine | 73 | |
| 2909208293 | fruity odor of the breath is a frequent symptom of what condition? | diabetic ketoacidosis | 74 |
