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| 8267367192 | DNA Replication | the process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis | 0 | |
| 8267367193 | Double helix | two strands | 1 | |
| 8267367194 | Antiparallel | subunits run in opposite directions (5 to 3 and 3 to 5) | 2 | |
| 8267367195 | Nitrogenous bases of Dna | A, T, C, G | 3 | |
| 8267367196 | Purines | A and G Nitrogenous bases with two organic rings | 4 | |
| 8267367197 | Pyrimidines | C and T Nitrogenous base with a single organic ring | 5 | |
| 8267367198 | Semiconservative Model | the two strands of the parental molecule separate and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand- most common | 6 | |
| 8267367200 | Replication Fork | a Y shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound | 7 | |
| 8267367201 | Helicases | enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and make them available as template strands |  | 8 |
| 8267367203 | Primase | Synthesizes the primer Starts a complementary RNA chain from a single RNA nucleotide, adding more RNA nucleotides one at a time, using the parental DNA strand as a template | 9 | |
| 8267367204 | DNA polymerases | Enzyme that catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain | 10 | |
| 8267367205 | Leading strand | Strand that continuously adds nucleotides to the new complementary strand as the fork progresses DNA pol III | 11 | |
| 8267367206 | Lagging Strand | The strand that DNA pol III works away from the replication fork Synthesized discontinuosly as a series of segments | 12 | |
| 8267367207 | Okazaki fragments | Series of segments that are 1000-2000 nucleotides long | 13 | |
| 8267367208 | DNA Ligase | joins the sugar phosphate backbones of all the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand | 14 | |
| 8267367209 | DNA polymerase III | Synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand | 15 | |
| 8267367210 | DNA polymerase I | Removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5' end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides | 16 | |
| 8267367211 | Nuclease | DNA cutting enzyme that cuts out the damaged parts of the strand and fills the space with nucleotides using the undamaged strand as a template | 17 | |
| 8267367212 | Telomeres | Special nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes TTAGGG is repeated between 100-1000 times Prevent the staggered ends of daughter molecule from activitating cell's system for monitoring DNA damage | 18 | |
| 8267367213 | Histones | Proteins that are responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin |  | 19 |
| 8267367214 | Chromatin | complex of DNA and protein | 20 | |
| 8267367215 | G1,G2, and S | What are the main checkpoints a cell goes through before cell divides | 21 | |
| 8267367216 | G1 | This is the most important checkpoint in cell cycle, if cell is cleared, it will go through the rest of the cycle. Right before S phase | 22 | |
| 8267367217 | Nutrients, size, DNA, and Molecular signals(growth factors) | What 4 factors are assessed at the G1 checkpoint? | 23 | |
| 8267367218 | G0 | Where will the cell go if it does not pass G1? | 24 | |
| 8267367219 | G0 | A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly. | 25 | |
| 8267367220 | G2 | At this checkpoint, the cell makes sure each daughter cell will inherit complete and not damaged DNA. Also makes sure the cell size is ok | 26 | |
| 8267367222 | M checkpoint | In this checkpoint, the cell will masked sure all sister chromatids are correctly attached to the kinetochore microtubules Cell will looks for stranglers in the cytoplasm | 27 | |
| 8267367223 | Normal cell | This type of cell has anchorage dependence, pays attention to nutrients, and density dependence inhibition, and growth factors | 28 | |
| 8267367224 | cancer cells | Complete disregard for the normal cell regulators | 29 | |
| 8267367226 | anchorage dependence | The requirement that a cell must be attached to another cell in order to divide. | 30 | |
| 8267367227 | density dependent inhibition | If space gets crowded, cell will stop dividing | 31 | |
| 8267367228 | growth factor | Protein released by other cells to stimulate cell division | 32 | |
| 8267367229 | cancer cells | Disability in which the cells lose the ability to control growth by not responding to regulations | 33 | |
| 8267367230 | Apoptosis | Cells usually undergo..... but cancer cells do not | 34 | |
| 8267367232 | Benign tumor | A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin | 35 | |
| 8267367233 | malignant tumor | A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs. | 36 | |
| 8267367234 | metastasis | Cancer cells break off from tumor and go to different parts of the body | 37 | |
| 8267367235 | Unusual number of chromosomes | Give one other characteristic of a cancer cell | 38 | |
| 8267367237 | Cyclins | These activate CDKS, build up when needed but then go away | 39 | |
| 8267367239 | Phosphorylation | Adding a phosphate group to a protein to activate it | 40 | |
| 8267367240 | Kinase | enzyme that phosphorylates another target protein | 41 | |
| 8267367241 | cyclin dependent kinases | Needs the cyclin to be activated When cyclin binds to it, it phosphorylates a specific target protein to make something happen in the cell. Always present throughout the cell cycle, but activity rises and falls with cyclin | 42 | |
| 8267367242 | MPF | This is an example of a cdk, it phosphorylates many target proteins to make prophase happen(nuclear envelope break down, chromosomes condense) | 43 | |
| 8267367246 | genome | -consists of all the DNA in a cell -holds specific genetic traits | 44 | |
| 8267367247 | chromosomes | -packages in a cell which contain DNA molecules -humans have 46 -each species has a specific number |  | 45 |
| 8267367248 | chromatin | -makes up chromosomes -complex of DNA and protein |  | 46 |
| 8267367249 | somatic cells | -have two sets of chromosomes -go through mitosis -nonreproductive | 47 | |
| 8267367250 | gametes | -have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells -go through meiosis -reproductive cells | 48 | |
| 8267367251 | sister chromatids | -each duplicated chromosome has two -separate during cell division |  | 49 |
| 8267367252 | centromere | -narrow waist of the duplicated chromosome -where the two chromatids are most closely attached |  | 50 |
| 8267367253 | cytokinesis | -division of the cytoplasm | 51 | |
| 8267367254 | interphase | -where 90% of a cell's life is spent -cell growing and chromosomes coping -3 subphases: -G1 -Synthesis -G2 -cell is growing | 52 | |
| 8267367255 | G2 | In which subphase of interphase are the chromosomes duplicated? | 53 | |
| 8267367256 | prophase | -first stage of mitosis -spindle fibers start to forms -nucleus thins -sister chromatids combine to make chromosomes |  | 54 |
| 8267367258 | metaphase | -third phase of mitosis -chromosomes line up in the center of the cell -spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of each sister chromatid |  | 55 |
| 8267367259 | anaphase | -fourth phase of mitosis -sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell |  | 56 |
| 8267367260 | telophase | -fifth and final stage of mitosis -genetically identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell -nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap and push each other elongating the cell |  | 57 |
| 8267367261 | mitotic spindle | -apparatus of microtubules that control chromosome movement during mitosis |  | 58 |
| 8267367262 | centrosome | -microtubule organizing center -replicates, each set goes to opposite ends -spindle fibers grow out from them |  | 59 |
| 8267367263 | kinetochores | -protein complexes that assemble on sections of DNA at centromeres -where spindle fibers and microtubules attach |  | 60 |
| 8267367264 | metaphase plate | -midway point between the spindles two poles -where chromosomes line up in metaphase |  | 61 |
| 8267367265 | cleavage furrow | -formed during late telophase and cytokinesis |  | 62 |
| 8267367266 | cell plate | forms in plant cells during cytokinesis |  | 63 |
| 8267367267 | binary fission | -prokaryotic method of reproduction and cell division -chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes actively more apart |  | 64 |
| 8267367268 | cell cycle control system | -directs sequential event of the cell cycle -regulated by internal and external force -receives signals from the cytoplasm |  | 65 |
| 8267367269 | checkpoints | -where the cell cycle stops until a go ahead signal is received -G1 is the most important for many cells |  | 66 |
| 8267367270 | G0 | -the nondividing stage of the cell if it does not pass the G1 checkpoint | 67 | |
| 8267367273 | cancer cells | -cells that exhibit neither density dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence -escape the usual control system -do not need growth factors to divide | 68 | |
| 8267367278 | 46 | What is the chromosome number for humans? | 69 | |
| 8267367279 | homologous chromosomes | -2 chromosomes in each pair -same length and shape -carry genes controlling the same inherited characters |  | 70 |
| 8267367280 | diploid cell | -has two sets of chromosomes -human # is 46 -2n |  | 71 |
| 8267367281 | haploid | -gamete -contains a single set of chromosomes -n | 72 | |
| 8267367282 | fertilization | the union of gametes (sperm and egg) | 73 | |
| 8267367283 | zygote | -fertilized egg -one set of chromosomes from each parent -diploid cell produces somatic cells by mitosis | 74 | |
| 8267367284 | prophase I | -occupies more than 90% of the time required for meiosis -chromosomes condense -synapse and crossing over -tetrads and chiasmata | 75 | |
| 8267367285 | synapsis | -homologous chromosomes loosely pair up -align gene by gene -get together with homologous pair | 76 | |
| 8267367286 | crossing over | nonsister chromatids exchange DNA segments |  | 77 |
| 8267367287 | metaphase I | homologous pairs line up in the middles of the cell and the spindle fibers attach to them |  | 78 |
| 8267367288 | anaphase I | -chromosomes move toward each pole -sister chromatids move as one unit toward the pole |  | 79 |
| 8267367289 | telophase I | -beginning: each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes -each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids |  | 80 |
| 8267367290 | prophase II | spindle apparatus forms |  | 81 |
| 8267367291 | metaphase II | -because of crossing over the sister chromatids are no longer genetically identical -kinetochores of sister chromosomes attach to microtubules extending from opposite poles |  | 82 |
| 8267367292 | anaphase II | -sister chromatids of each chromosome move as two newly individual chromosomes toward opposite poles |  | 83 |
| 8267367293 | telophase II | -chromosomes arrive at opposite poles -nuclei form and the chromosomes begin decondensing |  | 84 |
| 8267367294 | independent assortment of chromosomes | -mechanism contributing to genetic variation -homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly -metaphase I -each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of the other pairs -the number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes is 2^n where n is the haploid number |  | 85 |
| 8267367295 | crossing over | -mechanism contributing to genetic variation -produces recombinant chromosomes -begins in early prophase I -homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene -homologue portions of two nonsister chromatids trade places -combines DNA from two parents into a single chromosome |  | 86 |
| 8267367296 | random fertilization | -any sperm can fuse with any ovum -the fusion of two gametes produces a zygote with any of about 70 trillion diploid combinations -each zygote has a unique genetic identity |  | 87 |
| 8267367297 | chromosome theory of inheritance | a basic principle in biology stating that genes are located in chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns | 88 | |
| 8267367298 | wild type | an individual with the normal phenotype | 89 | |
| 8267367299 | sex-linked gene | a gene located on a sex chromosome | 90 | |
| 8267367300 | linked genes | genes that are located on the same chromosome | 91 | |
| 8267367301 | genetic recombination | the general term for the production of offspring with new combinations of traits inherited from the two parents | 92 | |
| 8267367302 | parental types | offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes | 93 | |
| 8267367303 | recombinant | an offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents | 94 | |
| 8267367304 | genetic map | an ordered list of genetic loci along a chromosome | 95 | |
| 8267367305 | linkage map | a genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes | 96 | |
| 8267367306 | map units | a measurement between the distance of genes; 1 map unit is equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency | 97 | |
| 8267367309 | hemophilia | a human genetic disease caused by a sex linked recessive allele, characterized by excesive bleeding following injury | 98 | |
| 8267367310 | Barr body | a dense object lying around the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated x chromosome | 99 | |
| 8267367311 | nondisjunction | an accident of meiosis or mitosis, on which the members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to move apart properly | 100 | |
| 8267367312 | aneuploidy | a chromosomal aberration in which certain chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number | 101 | |
| 8267367313 | trisomic | (type of aneuploidy) a chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra copy of one chromosome, instead of the normal two | 102 | |
| 8267367314 | monosomic | (type of aneuploidy) a chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has only one copy of a chromosome, instead of the normal two | 103 | |
| 8267367315 | polyploidy | a chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosomal sets (i.e tetraploidy like bananas or octoploidy like strawberries) | 104 | |
| 8267367316 | deletion | (1) a deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage (2) a mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene | 105 | |
| 8267367317 | duplication | an aberration on chromosomes structure resulting from an error in meiosis or mutagens; duplication of a portion of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome | 106 | |
| 8267367318 | inversion | an aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens; specifically reattachment of a chromosomal fragment to the chromosome from which the fragment originated, but in a reverse orientation | 107 | |
| 8267367319 | translocation | (1) an aberration in a chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens; specifically, the attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome (2) during protein synthesis, the third stage in the elongation cycle when the RNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves from the A site to the P site on the ribosome (3) the transport via phloem of food in a plant | 108 | |
| 8267367323 | Kleinfelter Syndrome | (XXY) Not inherited; occurs only as a result of a random genetic error after conception. Males may have low testosterone and reduced muscle mass, facial hair, and body hair. Most males with this condition produce little or no sperm. Treatment may include testosterone replacement and fertility treatment. | 109 | |
| 8267367324 | Turner Syndrome | A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted. | 110 | |
| 8267367328 | character | a heritable feature that varies among individuals (what a gene actually codes for) | 111 | |
| 8267367329 | trait | each variant of a character (allele) | 112 | |
| 8267367330 | true-breeding | organisms that, when reproducing, create offspring of all the same variety | 113 | |
| 8267367331 | hybridization | the crossing of two true-breeding parents | 114 | |
| 8267367332 | P generation | the name for the true-breeding parents | 115 | |
| 8267367333 | F1 Generation | the hybrid offspring of true-breeding parents | 116 | |
| 8267367334 | F2 Generation | after the self-polonization of the F1 generation, this is produced. | 117 | |
| 8267367335 | The Law of Segregation | 1. alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters. 2. for each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent. 3. two alleles for a heretable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes. | 118 | |
| 8267367336 | dominant allele | determines organisms apperence | 119 | |
| 8267367337 | recessive allele | has no noticible affect on organisms appearence | 120 | |
| 8267367338 | Punnett square | a diagram for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup | 121 | |
| 8267367339 | homozygous | an organism having a pair of identical alleles for a character, either dominant or recessive | 122 | |
| 8267367340 | phenotype | an organisms traits | 123 | |
| 8267367341 | genotype | an organisms genetic makeup | 124 | |
| 8267367342 | testcross | the result of breeding a recessive homozygote with an organism of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype | 125 | |
| 8267367343 | monohybrids | parent heterozygous for one character | 126 | |
| 8267367344 | dihybrids | heterozygous for two characters | 127 | |
| 8267367345 | law of independent assortment | each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation | 128 | |
| 8267367346 | multiplication rule | to determine the probability, we multiply the probability of one event by the probability of another | 129 | |
| 8267367347 | addition rule | the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities | 130 | |
| 8267367348 | complete dominance | the situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable | 131 | |
| 8267367349 | codominance | the situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote | 132 | |
| 8267367350 | incomplete dominance | the situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele | 133 | |
| 8267367355 | polygenic inheritance | an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character | 134 | |
| 8267367356 | pedigree | the assembling of information about a particular trait into a family tree describing the interrelationships of parents and children across the generations | 135 | |
| 8273100034 | Unlinked | Two genes have a recombination frequency of more than 50% | 136 | |
| 8273103166 | Linked | Two genes that are said to be on the same chromosome and are inherited together | 137 |
