Reading Weeks: 2,4,7,9,10
Problems Weeks: 2,sept 10, 4,7, linear regression, 9, H. demography, island
Terms : Hide Images
| 1090206377 | chi-square: GOF | what is the goodness of fit of observed to expected results; comparison yields a number known as the x²; categorical data | 0 | |
| 1090206378 | chi-square: Test of Independence | testing the ratio is the same in both habitats; the proportion of mantids that are female or male is independent of the habitat from which we have collected our specimens | 1 | |
| 1090621605 | t-test | continuous data e.g. collect data on lengths or weights of individuals; to see if one set is significantly different than that of the other | 2 | |
| 1090621606 | p-value | critical value | 3 | |
| 1090625331 | see midterm | 1 | 4 | |
| 1090760003 | Population dispersion | use possion | 5 | |
| 1090760004 | pr[x=b] | the probability that x, the observed number of individuals in a quadrat will equal b | 6 | |
| 1090760005 | b | a given number of individuals per quadrat | 7 | |
| 1090760006 | m | overall mean number of individuals per quadrat | 8 | |
| 1090760007 | e | math constant | 9 | |
| 1090760008 | Pr[x=b] | = (m^b/b!) e^-m | 10 | |
| 1090760009 | linear regression | ... | 11 | |
| 1090760011 | regression coefficient | ... | 12 | |
| 1090760012 | coefficient of determination | R² | 13 | |
| 1090760013 | F-statistics: null hypothesis | abundance doesn't differ significantly among the mulitple areas that we have sample within this large stand | 14 | |
| 1090760014 | ANOVA interpretation | for comparing multiple means; comparing two, independent estimates of variance associated with individual data point with in the full data set | 15 | |
| 1090760015 | estimate of variance: within groups | the average of the individual variances associated with the data point within groups or experimental treatments; independent from the other | 16 | |
| 1090760016 | estimate of variance: among groups | based on and calculated from differences among means of groups or treatments; independent from the other | 17 | |
| 1090760017 | Logic of ANOVA 1 | if there is no real difference in means among the different groups then the two estimates of variance among individuals should be equal | 18 | |
| 1090760018 | Logic of ANOVA 2 | if at least some of the groups really do differ from each other in their means, then the variance as measured among groups should be greater than the variance as measured within groups | 19 | |
| 1090760010 | f-statistics 1 | testing whether the ratio of the variance among groups to the variance within groups differs significantly from the expected value of 1 under the null that all of the means are the same; | 20 | |
| 1090783237 | f-statistics 2 | if it differs significantly from 1 null is rejected; at least one other mean is different | 21 | |
| 1090783238 | model I | fixed effects design, the researcher applies a fixed treatment to each randomly selected subject | 22 | |
| 1090783239 | model II | random effects design; the researcher is simply interested in comparing means among different populations | 23 | |
| 1090783240 | mean square | variance; calculated by dividing the sum of squares (SS) by the adjusted number of observation (df) | 24 | |
| 1096099530 | see midterm II | midtermII | 25 | |
| 1090783241 | Species-Area curve | multiple areas needed; interested only in the equilibrium number of species | 26 | |
| 1094799581 | McArthur/ Wilson Island Theory | how will number of species increase over time | 27 | |
| 1094799582 | I | number of species arriving over unit time | 28 | |
| 1094799583 | E | number species goin extinct on island over unit time | 29 | |
| 1094799584 | p | species pool | 30 | |
| 1094799585 | Emax | only goes as far as p | 31 | |
| 1094799586 | Et | [Emax/p] R | 32 | |
| 1094799587 | It | Imax -[Imax/p] R | 33 | |
| 1094799588 | ∆R | Rt+1 -Rt | 34 | |
| 1094799589 | Rt+1 -Rt | It-Et | 35 | |
| 1094799590 | Rt+1 | Rt+It-Et | 36 | |
| 1094799591 | E linear | mR+b | 37 | |
| 1094799592 | ∧R | ImaxP/Imax +Emax | 38 | |
| 1094799593 | life tables | the likelihoods of living and dying at given ages | 39 | |
| 1094799594 | demography | rates of births and deaths of a population | 40 | |
| 1094824348 | Nx | number of individuals alive at the start of age interval x | 41 | |
| 1094824349 | Dx | the number of individuals dying during the interval | 42 | |
| 1094824350 | lx | Nx/N₀ ; the proportion of the original population still alive at hte start of the interval | 43 | |
| 1094824351 | dx, | Dx/N₀ ; the probability from birth of dying during the interval | 44 | |
| 1094824352 | qx | Dx/Nx ; the rate of mortality during the interval | 45 | |
| 1094939187 | ex | the mean life expectancy at age x or the mean lifetime remaining to those individuals entering each age interval; Yx/Nx | 46 | |
| 1094939188 | Yx | [5×Nx+1] + [2.5× Dx] ; equal the sum of all the "person-years" for age classes older than and including the one for which the life expectancy calculation is being made | 47 | |
| 1094939189 | Fertility tables | indicate the mean number of female offspring produced by a female of age x ( the fertility rate, bx) | 48 | |
| 1094939190 | lxbx | determine the average number of female offspring that a newborn individual is expected to produce when she reaches age x | 49 | |
| 1094939191 | R₀ | ∑lxbx values = net reproductive rate for the population | 50 | |
| 1094939192 | population momentum | a population can continue to grow for a time even after birth rates fall (or death rate rise) such that the net reprod. rate drops below 1 | 51 | |
| 1094939193 | current growth rate | of a population thus depends not only on its mortality and fertility rates but also on its present age distribution | 52 | |
| 1094939194 | stable age distribution | the proportion of individuals belonging to each age class will remain the same over time | 53 | |
| 1094939195 | Gompertz law | 1825; which holds that mortality rates increase exponentially with age; if true it implies that for any spp the death rate will climb dramatically in very old age, effectively capping the life span; it does hold for human whose chance of death 2x roughly every 8 yrs. during most of adulthood | 54 | |
| 1094939196 | recent data challenging gompertz law | Mediterranean fruit flies; the risk of death on a given day peaks in old age and then declines; shows a leveling off of the risk of death for 10 diff. strains; | 55 | |
| 1094939197 | does there appear to be an absolute limit to human life span | No gompertz law and the scandinavian census doesn't apply to the oldest of old; it didn't increase exponentially | 56 | |
| 1094939198 | summarize why vaupel conversely sees us living longer and longer | ... | 57 | |
| 1095868996 | Olshansky argues human life expectancy at birth will exceed the age of 85 or so | ... | 58 | |
| 1095868997 | how much have the general thoughts and arguments changed since 1992 whether there is or isn't an absolute limit to human lifespan | ... | 59 | |
| 1095868998 | what observation lead a number of marine biologists to argue that banning commercial fishing from habitat patches covering 20-35% of the ocean along the Cali. coastline may actually boost fisheries catches in teh remaining areas | ... | 60 | |
| 1095868999 | how many people has the world's population grown since rousch was written | ... | 61 | |
| 1095869000 | what were the current doubling times of Africa vs. Europe at the time rousch was written | ... | 62 | |
| 1095869001 | what is the size that the creators of the "cairo doc" hope to limit the human pop. to by 2050 | ... | 63 | |
| 1095869002 | why would the human pop. be likely to increase markedly in size over the next 50 years even if fertility rates were to drop to replacement level immediately throughout the world | ... | 64 | |
| 1095869003 | what are the 3 major mechanisms expoused by the Cairo Prog. Actions means to curb the growth of the human pop. | ... | 65 | |
| 1096096263 | what major issues led some demographers to question the likely effectiveness of these 3 major mechanisms | ... | 66 | |
| 1096096264 | what are the key elements of the demograhpic transition theory that led to the recommendations of the first UN conference in 1974? | ... | 67 | |
| 1096096265 | If fertility rates remain constant at current levels, how many people does the UN project there will be 2100 | ... | 68 | |
| 1096096266 | in which region of the world has life expectancy in 2005-2010 most increased since 1950-1955 | ... | 69 | |
| 1096096267 | when did the world's population growth rate peak | ... | 70 | |
| 1096096268 | what would you estimate R² to equal in the graphs of fertility/education/ poverty in 2007 | ... | 71 | |
| 1096096269 | on which continent will the greatest number of people likely live by 2050 | ... | 72 | |
| 1096096270 | is this the continent with fastest growth rate projected for the next forty years | ... | 73 | |
| 1096096271 | which of the twelve largest cities in the world in 1975 are projected NOT to be among the twelve largest cities in 2025 | ... | 74 |
