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| 110178466 | Copernicus | Polish astronomer of the early 1500's; founded modern astronomy with his helicentric (sun centered) theory of the universe; challenaged traditional theology's position of man at the center of the universe | 0 | |
| 110178467 | Brache | Danish astronomer of the 2nd half of the 16th century who improved the instruments and exact observations of the planets and stars | 1 | |
| 110178468 | Kepler | German astronomer of the late 16th and early 17th century who established the three laws of planetary motion | 2 | |
| 110178469 | Galilei | Italian astronomer of the 17th century who laid foundations of modern experimental science, developed the first complete astronomical telescope ad confirmed the theories of Copernicus | 3 | |
| 110178470 | Newton | English physicist and mathematician who developed the "Newtonian" system of the universe where "natural laws" maintained order; developed the Theory of Gravitation, the Three Laws of Motion and other basic theories of physics as well and the development of Calculus | 4 | |
| 110178471 | Boyle | distinguished between individual elements and chemical compounds; also explained the effect of temperature and pressure on gases; opened the way to modern chemistry | 5 | |
| 110178472 | Vesalius | completed the first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy | 6 | |
| 110178473 | Harvey | described the circulation of blood showing how the heart serves as a pump | 7 | |
| 110178474 | Bacon | English philosopher of the 16th century who advocated the inductive method of modern experimental science (the scientific method calling for observation, measurement, experiment, hypothesis, and verification) | 8 | |
| 110178475 | Descartes | French philosopher and mathematician who advocated the deductive method of discovering ultimate truth; worked from logical steps from simple self-evident truths to more complex truths; method called Cartesian system; also developed analytical geometry | 9 | |
| 110178476 | Linnaeus | Swedish naturalist who had the first logical classification of plants and animals using genus and species nomenclature | 10 | |
| 110178477 | Priestley | English chemist who isolated ammonia and discovered oxygen (without understanding its importance) | 11 | |
| 110178478 | Lavoisier | French scientist who first described oxygen theory of combustion and coined the name; discovered the law of conservation of matter; considered by some the "true" father of chemistry | 12 | |
| 110178479 | Jenner | English doctor who perfected the smallpox vaccination | 13 | |
| 110178480 | Volta | Italian physicist who invented the first primitive battery | 14 |
