final exam study guide information for studying
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| the purpose of the experiment | ||
| educated guess to the solution of the problem | ||
| the factor you change in an experiment that causes a change | ||
| the measured variable that depends on the value of the independent variable | ||
| the answer to the problem written as a statement | ||
| use this chart to convert metric measurements | ||
| a change in an object's position | ||
| how far an object has moved | ||
| how far an object has moved from its original starting place | ||
| speed at a given moment | ||
| total distance divided by total time | ||
| forces that are equal in size and opposite in direction; they do not move an object and the net force is equal to zero. | ||
| forces that are unequal in size and the direction is the same; they cause an object to move | ||
| the speed and direction of an object's motion; EX: 25 mph North | ||
| 5 km/hr upstream | ||
| any time two or more objects interact they may exchange momentum but the total amount of momentum stays the same; momentum is conserved~p=m x v | ||
| an object in motion stays in motion and an object at rest stays at rest until a net force acts upon the object | ||
| Force= mass x acceleration; the larger something is, the harder it is to move | ||
| Forces always occur in pairs; the forces will always be equal and opposite | ||
| a force that OPPOSES motion between two surfaces that are touching each other; it slows down the motion of objects | ||
| friction between two surfaces that are not moving past each other | ||
| friction that opposes motion between two surfaces sliding past one another | ||
| friction between a rolling object and surface it rolls on | ||
| the law that states that the force of gravity depends on the mass and distance between the objects | ||
| the force of attraction between all things | ||
| a type of friction that opposes the force of gravity | ||
| the amount of matter in an object; stays the same no matter where you are | ||
| the force of gravity pulling on a body; changes as gravitational force changes | ||
| 9.8 m/s2 | ||
| the ability to cause change | ||
| kinetic, potential, mechanical | ||
| energy in the form of motion; greatest at the bottom of a hill on a rollercoaster | ||
| stored energy; greatest at the top of a hill on a rollercoaster | ||
| elastic (rubber band), chemical (food, fuel), and gravitational (book on a shelf) | ||
| the total amount of potential and kinetic energy in a system | ||
| Energy may change from one form to another, but the total amount of energy never changes | ||
| the amount of work done in a certain amount of time; the rate at which work is done; equals work divided by time and is measured in watts | ||
| the transfer of energy that occurs when a force makes an object move in the direction of the applied force; measured in joules (lifting weights, moving a desk) | ||
| holding something over your head, standing still, pushing a wall | ||
| the number of times a machine multiplies the effort force; not determined the same for all simple machines, depends on different things | ||
| the unit for energy and work | ||
| bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point; ex: seesaws, scissors, baseball bats, fishing poles, arm, etc. | ||
| grooved wheel with a rope, simple chain, or cable running along the groove | ||
| machine with two wheels of different sizes rotating together | ||
| sloping surface that reduces the amount of force required to do work | ||
| inclined plane with one or two sloping sides that pushes things apart | ||
| inclined plane wrapped around a cylindrical post | ||
| fixed point on a lever; the location of the fulcrum determines the class of lever | ||
| fulcrum in the middle; see-saw, wire-cutters, scissors | ||
| fulcrum at the end, load in the middle; wheel barrow, car-jack | ||
| fulcrum at the end, effort in the middle; tweezers, baseball bat | ||
| the average kinetic energy of an object's atoms or molecules | ||
| thermal energy that flows from something warm to something cooler | ||
| conduction, convection, radiation | ||
| direct contact (frying an egg, grilling meat) | ||
| currents in liquids or gases (boiling pasta) | ||
| no medium required (sunlight, microwave) | ||
| something that resists the flow of electricity (ex: wood) | ||
| something that allows electricity to flow through it easily (ex: copper) | ||
| the accumulation of excess electric charges (electrons) on an object | ||
| Electrical current that flows in only one direction through a wire; found in batteries | ||
| current in which electrons change direction at a regular rate and is used to run appliances | ||
| an electrical device that resists the flow of electrical current; measured in Ohms | ||
| the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit; measured in volts | ||
| a flow of electricity through a conductor; measured in amperes | ||
| I=V/R | ||
| a circuit in which the objects are connected in a single path (holiday lights) | ||
| circuit in which electric current can follow more than one path (house sockets) | ||
| interaction between two magnets - like poles repel and unlike attract | ||
| the regions of a magnet where the magnetic force exerted by the magnet is strongest | ||
| groups of atoms with aligned magnetic poles | ||
| the connection between electricity and magnetism; magnetism produced by an electric current | ||
| temporary magnet made by passing an electric current through a wire coiled around an iron bar | ||
| the process of splitting a nucleus into two nuclei with smaller masses | ||
| the process of two nuclei with low masses combining to form one nucleus of larger mass | ||
| repeating disturbance or movement that transfers energy through matter or space | ||
| waves that must travel through a medium | ||
| waves that do not require a medium to travel through | ||
| matter in the medium moves at right angles to the direction the wave travels; made of crests and troughs | ||
| matter in the medium moves back and forth in the same direction the wave travels; made of compressions and rarefactions | ||
| less-dense region of compressional waves | ||
| dense region of compressional waves | ||
| when a wave strikes an object and bounces off | ||
| the bending of a wave caused by a change in its speed as it moves from one medium to another | ||
| when two or more waves overlap and combine to form a new wave | ||
| when an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it | ||
| measure of energy carried by a wave | ||
| distance between one point on a wave to the nearest point like it (crest to crest; compression to compression) | ||
| highest point of a transverse wave | ||
| lowest point of a transverse wave | ||
| change in the apparent frequency of a wave as observer and source move toward or away from each other | ||
| absorbs and reflects light; does not allow light to pass through it | ||
| some light passes through it | ||
| almost all light passes through it | ||
| the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection | ||
| glass tubes filled with neon that produce light from electron collisions | ||
| When an electric current is passed through a tube, gas inside emits ultraviolet waves that cause a powder to glow | ||
| allows the reflection of an object to be seen; either a virtual or real form | ||
| transparent material with a curved surface that refracts light rays | ||
| a curved lens in which the center is thicker than the edges so it converges light to the focal point | ||
| a lens that is thicker at the edges than in the middle that bends light rays away from one another | ||
| a mirror that is curved outward like the back of a spoon; diverges to the focal point | ||
| a mirror that is curved inward like the inside of a spoon; converges to the focal point | ||
| the parts of an experiment that stay the same | ||
| the unit for power |
