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| 3977954512 | Vit B12 | What was the historic "extrinsic factor"? | 0 | |
| 3977954513 | Both are names for Vit B12 | What is cobalamin and coenzyme B12? | 1 | |
| 3977954514 | by microorganisms | Where is Vit B12 made? | 2 | |
| 3977954515 | liver, glandular tissue, muscle, eggs, diary products, seafood | What are the dietary sources of Vit B12? | 3 | |
| 3977954516 | stores 2-5 mg, and use 2-5 ug (0.1%) | What is the body storage level of Vit B12? How much is used daily? | 4 | |
| 3977954517 | only in the terminal ileum | Where is B12 absorbed? | 5 | |
| 3977954518 | (1) methyl transfer: methylation of homocystein to generate methionine. crucial for dividing tissues (like blood cell progenitors) (2) hydrogen transfer: generation of succinyl coA , crucial for myelin maintenance (explains neurological symptoms) | What two reactions does Vit B12 mediate? | 6 | |
| 3977954519 | malabsorption: due to salivary gland dysfunction, loss of intrinsic factor (gastric), pancreatic disease, terminal ileum illness, IBS | What is the most frequent cause of B12 deficiency? | 7 | |
| 3977954520 | yes, but it is very rare | Can B12 deficiency be caused by congenital deficiency states or inadequate ingestion? | 8 | |
| 3977954521 | Gastric atrophy (no folds), megaloblastic anemia, neurological degeneration (demyelenation) | What are the 3 main clinical features of pernicious anemia? | 9 | |
| 3977954522 | huge bone marrow cells - megaloblasts | What does the bone marrow of pernicious anemia pts look like? | 10 | |
| 3977954523 | hemolysis because megaloblasts are dying in the bone marrow, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, | What would a CBC and blood smear reveal with pernicious anemia? | 11 | |
| 3977954524 | low serum B12 levels (<200) Peripheral and central nervous system disease methylmalonic acidemia elevated gastric pH | What clinical/lab findings are specific to Vit B12 deficiency? | 12 | |
| 3977954525 | TC II B 12 -- is biologicallly useful! TCII can have a B12 analogue, though TCI can't be absorbed. | What's the difference between TC1 and TCII B12? | 13 | |
| 3977954526 | intestinal bacterial overgrowth, liver disease, myeloid disorders | Under what conditions can serum B12 levels read falsely normal? | 14 | |
| 3977954527 | pregnancy, lymphoid disorders, ageing, racial differences | Under what conditions can serum B12 be falsely low? | 15 | |
| 3977954528 | MMA (methylmalonic acid) | What is the most reliable marker for Vit B12 deficiency? | 16 | |
| 3977954529 | B12 injections monthly for a lifetime | What is the therapy for Vit B12 deficiency? | 17 | |
| 3977954530 | true | T/F: there can be lots of variation in the presence of neurologic manifestations with Vit B12 deficiency. | 18 | |
| 3977954531 | an anemia identical to B12 deficiency but not associated with atrophic gastritis or neurologic disease | What is Tropical Macrocytic anemia? | 19 | |
| 3977954532 | higher plants and microorganisms | What synthesizes folic acid? | 20 | |
| 3977954533 | store 5 mg and use about 50 ug. Both folate and Vit B12 are stored in the liver | How much folic acid do you store? How much do you use daily? Where is folate stored? | 21 | |
| 3981067317 | absorbed in the proximal jejunum and throughout the small intestine. | Where is folic acid absorbed? | 22 | |
| 3977954534 | leafy greens, asparagus, broccoli, spinach, liver, kidney, fruits, mushrooms | What are some dietary sources of folate? | 23 | |
| 3977954535 | dietary folate is mostly in methylated form. it is deconjugated in the intestine before absorption. It is reduced to N5-methyl tetrahydrofolate (FH4), and once in the tissues, it is polyglutamated | How folic acid transformed, from the time it enters the body? | 24 | |
| 3977954536 | Vit B12 is there to allow methioniine syntase to convert 5-methyl TH4 folate to TH4 folate | How do folate and Vit B12 interface? | 25 | |
| 3977954537 | poor DNA synthesis. Get uracil misincorporation into DNA, leading to DNA strand breaks and cell cycle arrest... that is why you get macrocytosis. | What are the consequences of folate deficiencies? | 26 | |
| 3977954538 | macrocytic, because of problem with DNA synthesis, and those cells being stuck in that phase of the cell cycle | Is folate deficiency anemia micro or macrocytic? | 27 | |
| 3977954539 | false! neurological disorders result from B12, not folate, deficiencies | T/F: both folate and B12 deficiency result in systemic disease and neuropathy | 28 | |
| 3977954540 | inadequate ingestion (very common), inadequate absorption, metabolic block in utilization, increased requirement | What are the causes of folate deficiency? | 29 | |
| 3977954541 | Short term : serum folic acid levels (< 3 ng/mL is bad) Long term/chronic: red cell folate levels (<135 ng/mL is bad) | How do you assess short term folate levels? Long term folate levels? | 30 | |
| 3977954542 | high levels of homocysteine... but how elevated matters (normal is 4-12... for folate deficiency its 15-50, and for B12 deficiency its 20 - 241) | Besides folate levels, what other metabolite can suggest folate deficiency? | 31 | |
| 3977954543 | both | B12 or folate deficiency: megaloblastic anemia? | 32 | |
| 3977954544 | B12 | B12 or folate deficiency: combined system degeneration? | 33 | |
| 3977954545 | B12 - rare; folate - common | B12 or folate deficiency: poor diet associated with deficiency state? | 34 | |
| 3977954546 | folate | B12 or folate deficiency: other dietary deficiencies present? | 35 | |
| 3977954547 | B12: muscle, liver, milk, eggs Folate: liver, leafy greens | B12 or folate deficiency: dietary source? | 36 | |
| 3977954548 | both | B12 or folate deficiency: deficiency induces high homocystein? | 37 | |
| 3977954549 | B12: terminal ileum folate: all small bowel | B12 or folate deficiency: site of absorption? | 38 | |
| 3977954550 | B12 | B12 or folate deficiency: intrinsic factor required? | 39 | |
| 3977954551 | B12 only | B12 or folate deficiency: deficiency associated with high methylmalonic? | 40 | |
| 3981108441 | True | True of False: There is a mild association with homocysteine and vascular disease in the normal population | 41 | |
| 3981109904 | D | Folate deficiency is associated with: A. Combined system degeneration B. Aplastic anemia C. B12 malabsorption D. Neural tube defects | 42 | |
| 3982307910 | True | True or False: B12 deficiency produces increased MMA and homocystein while folate deficiency only shows an increase in homocystein. | 43 |
