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| 9503100870 | Foodborne Illness | illness occurring as a result of ingesting food or water contaminated with a poisonous substance, such as a toxin or chemical (food intoxication) or an infectious agent, such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites (foodborne infection); commonly called food poisoning. | 0 | |
| 9503106490 | Pasteurization | the process of sanitizing food via heat treatment. | 1 | |
| 9503111105 | Food Intoxication | illness caused by eating food that contains a harmful toxin or chemical. | 2 | |
| 9503113310 | Enterotoxin | a toxic compound, produced by microorganisms, that harms mucous membranes, as in the gastrointestinal tract (entero = intestine). | 3 | |
| 9503114960 | Neurotoxin | a poisonous compound that disrupts the nervous system (neuro = nerve) | 4 | |
| 9503117292 | Foodborne Infections | illness caused by eating a food containing bacteria or other microorganisms capable of growing and thriving in a person's tissues. | 5 | |
| 9503122816 | Aflatoxin | a poisonous toxin produced by molds. | 6 | |
| 9503124622 | Toxicants | poisons; that is, agents that cause physical harm or death when present in large amounts. | 7 | |
| 9503128273 | Cross Contamination | the inadvertent transfer of bacteria from one food to another that occurs, for instance, by chopping vegetables on the same cutting board that was used to skin poultry. | 8 | |
| 9503131426 | Contaminants | potentially dangerous substances, such as lead, that can accidentally get into foods. | 9 | |
| 9503136495 | Mad Cow Disease | also called bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bSe); a rare and fatal degenerative disease first diagnosed in 1986 in cattle in the United Kingdom. The bovine disease may be passed to humans who eat the meat of infected animals and may lead to death due to brain and nerve damage. | 10 | |
| 9503138456 | Organic Halogens | compounds that contain one or more of a class of atoms called halogens, including fluorine, chlorine, iodine, or bromine. | 11 | |
| 9503140455 | Heavy Metals | any of a number of mineral ions, such as mercury and lead, so named because of their relatively high atomic weight. Many heavy metals are poisonous. | 12 | |
| 9503142982 | Toxicity | the ability of a substance to harm living organisms. All substances are toxic if present in high enough concentrations. | 13 | |
| 9503144530 | Hazard | state of danger; used to refer to any circumstance in which harm is possible. | 14 | |
| 9503148254 | Pesticides | chemicals intentionally applied to plants, including foods, to prevent or eliminate pest damage. Pests include all living organisms that destroy or spoil foods: bacteria, molds and fungi, insects, and rats and other rodents, to name a few. | 15 | |
| 9503153603 | Risks | for pesticide residues, the harm a substance may cause. Scientists estimate risk by assessing the amount of a chemical that each person in a population might consume over time (also called exposure) and by considering how toxic the substance might be (toxicity). risk = exposure × toxicity exposure = amount of substance in food × amount of food eaten | 16 | |
| 9503156503 | Tolerance | the maximum amount of a particular substance allowed in food. | 17 | |
| 9503159553 | Reference Dose | the estimated amount of a chemical that could be consumed daily without causing harmful effects. | 18 | |
| 9503161484 | Margin of Safety | from a food-safety standpoint, the margin is a zone between the maximum amount of a substance that appears to be safe and the amount allowed in the food supply. | 19 | |
| 9503165527 | Natural | most foods labeled natural, except for meat and poultry, are not subject to government regulations; this term applies broadly to foods minimally processed and free of synthetic preservatives, artificial sweeteners, colors, flavors, and other artificial additives, hydrogenated oils, stabilizers, and emulsifiers. | 20 | |
| 9503168506 | Organic | legal term that applies to a food and how the food was produced; crops must be grown without use of synthetic pesticides, bioengineered genes, petroleum-based fertilizers, and sewage sludge-based fertilizers; organic livestock must have access to outdoors and be given no antibiotics or growth hormones; organic foods may not be irradiated. | 21 | |
| 9503172167 | Free Range | a method of producing livestock where animals are allowed to roam freely instead of being contained in any manner; this term is not regulated and can be used to imply the animal product has been produced more humanely than it actually has been. USDA certifies "free range" chickens as chickens raised for their meat that have access to the outdoors; there is no USDA certification for "free range" beef, pork, or other non-poultry products; free-range eggs also have no legal definition. | 22 | |
| 9503174283 | Grass Fed | refers to livestock allowed to forage on pasture grass; not legally defined. | 23 | |
| 9503176564 | Hormone Free | generally refers to products free from recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST), a hormone synthetically produced from recombinant DnA administered to dairy cattle to increase milk production. | 24 | |
| 9503179026 | rBST Free | refers to milk (dairy products) produced from cattle that have not been treated with recombinant BST (bovine somatotropin hormone); all milk contains some BST as it is produced in pituitary glands of cattle. | 25 | |
| 9503182149 | Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)/Genetically Engineered Organisms (GEOs) | organisms from bacteria, plants, or animals that have been genetically changed in a laboratory through DNA technology. genetically engineered plants have been developed to increase nutritional value, be resistant to pests, herbicides, or harsh environmental conditions like drought, and for other purposes. | 26 | |
| 9503188440 | Non-GMO | term used to imply a food contains no ingredients made from GMO/GEO products; not legally defined and therefore cannot be enforced. | 27 | |
| 9503194034 | Irradiation | the process of exposing a substance to low doses of radiation, using gamma rays, X-rays, or electricity (electron beams) to kill insects, bacteria, and other potentially harmful microorganisms. | 28 | |
| 9503195606 | Genetic Engineering | the use of biotechnology to alter the genes of a plant in an effort to create a new plant with different traits; also called genetic modification. In some cases, a plant's genes may be deleted or altered, or genes may be introduced from different organisms or species. The foods or crops produced are called genetically engineered (GE) or genetically modified (GM) foods or crops. | 29 | |
| 9503198952 | Biotechnology | the use of biological systems or living organisms to make or modify products. Includes traditional methods used in making products such as wine, beer, yogurt, and cheese; cross-breeding to enhance crop production; and modification of living plants, animals, and fish through the manipulation of genes (genetic engineering). | 30 | |
| 9503207523 | Appropriate Technology | a technology that utilizes locally abundant resources in preference to locally scarce resources. For developing countries, which usually have a large labor force and little capital, the appropriate technology would therefore be labor intensive. | 31 | |
| 9503217576 | Chronic Malnutrition | a condition characterized by chronic growth retardation or stunting as reflected in low weight or low height for age. | 32 | |
| 9503220331 | Edema | swelling of body tissue caused by leakage of fluid from the blood vessels, seen in (among other conditions) protein deficiency. | 33 | |
| 9503228032 | Famine | widespread lack of access to food caused by natural disasters, political factors, or war; characterized by a large number of deaths due to starvation and malnutrition. | 34 | |
| 9503229627 | Feeding America | a national food-banking network to which most food banks belong. | 35 | |
| 9503234191 | Food Banks | nonprofit community organizations that collect surplus commodities from the government as well as edible but often unmarketable foods from private industry for use by nonprofit charities, institutions, and feeding programs at nominal cost. | 36 | |
| 9503235540 | Food Insecurity | the inability to acquire or consume an adequate quality or sufficient quantity of food in socially acceptable ways, or the uncertainty that one will be able to do so. | 37 | |
| 9503242542 | Food Recovery | such activities as salvaging perishable produce from grocery stores and wholesale food markets; rescuing surplus prepared food from restaurants, corporate cafeterias, and caterers; and collecting nonperishable, canned, or boxed processed food from manufacturers, supermarkets, or people's homes. The items recovered are donated to hungry people. | 38 | |
| 9503245698 | Food Security | access by all people at all times to enough food for an active and healthy life. Food security has two aspects: ensuring that adequate food supplies are available and ensuring that households have the ability to acquire food, either by producing it themselves or by being able to purchase it. | 39 | |
| 9503248332 | Gleaning | the harvesting of excess food from farms, orchards, and packing houses to feed the hungry. | 40 | |
| 9503249787 | GOBI | an acronym formed from the elements of UNICEF's child Survival campaign: growth charts, oral rehydration therapy, breast milk, and immunization. | 41 | |
| 9503253194 | Kwashiorkor | severe malnutrition caused by inadequate protein and calories leading to apathy, anemia, loss of body proteins, and poor growth. | 42 | |
| 9503258603 | Malnutrition | the impairment of health resulting from a relative deficiency or excess of food energy and specific nutrients necessary for health. | 43 | |
| 9503261491 | Marasmus | severe emaciation from energy deficiency with chronic wasting of fat, muscle, and other tissues; starvation. | 44 | |
| 9503264142 | Multinational Corporations | international companies with direct investments and/or operative facilities in more than one country. U.S. oil and food companies are examples. | 45 | |
| 9503267677 | Nutrition Security | condition in which all people have access to a variety of nutritious foods and potable drinking water; knowledge, resources, and skills for healthy living; prevention, treatment, and care for diseases affecting nutrition status; and safety-net systems during crisis situations, such as natural disasters or deleterious social and political systems. | 46 | |
| 9503270332 | Oral Rehydration Therapy | the treatment of dehydration (usually due to diarrhea caused by infectious disease) with an oral solution; ORT as developed by UNICEF is intended to enable a mother to mix a simple solution for her child from substances that she has at home. | 47 | |
| 9503274848 | Poverty | the state of having too little money to meet minimum needs for food, clothing, and shelter. The U.S. Department of Agriculture defined the poverty level in the United States as an annual income of $23,550 for a family of four in 2013. | 48 | |
| 9503278571 | Protein-Energy Malnutrition | the world's most widespread malnutrition problem; characterized by a depletion of both energy stores and tissue proteins; usually accompanied by micronutrient deficiencies. | 49 | |
| 9503284241 | Severe Acute Malnutrition | a condition characterized by very low weight for height, severe wasting, and/or edema associated with recent severe food deprivation. | 50 | |
| 9503286283 | Under 5 Mortality Rate | the number of children who die before the age of 5 for every 1,000 live births. | 51 | |
| 9503287979 | Undernutrition | as used in this discussion, a term that describes the domestic and world food problem of a continuous lack of the food energy and nutrients necessary to achieve and maintain health and protection from disease. | 52 | |
| 9503290020 | UNICEF | the United nations International Children's Emergency Fund, now referred to as the United Nations Children's Fund. | 53 |
