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| 7673221856 | Mathieu Orfila | The father of forensic toxicology |  | 0 |
| 7673227838 | Alphonse Bertillion | Devised the first scientific system of personal identification in 1879 |  | 1 |
| 7673246260 | Francis Galton | Conducted the first definitive study of fingerprint and their classification |  | 2 |
| 7673262349 | Leone Lattes | Developed a procedure to determine blood type from dried blood stains |  | 3 |
| 7673271048 | Calvin Goddard | Used a comparison microscope to determine if a particular gun fired a bullet |  | 4 |
| 7673285434 | Walter McCrone | Utilized microscopy and other analytical methodologies to examine evidence |  | 5 |
| 7673295068 | Hans Gross | Wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific principals to the field of criminal investigation | 6 | |
| 7673306967 | Edmond Locard | Incorporated Gross' principals within a workable crime labratory |  | 7 |
| 7673311847 | Locards Exchange Principal | States that when a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a cross-transfer of evidence occurs | 8 | |
| 7673346321 | Reason for increasing number of crime labs | 1. Supreme court decisions in the 1960's are responsible for police placing greater emphasis on scientifically evaluated evidence 2. The advent of DNA profiling 3. Crime labs inundated with drug specimens due to accelerated drug abuse | 9 | |
| 7673397318 | The technical support provided by crime laboratories can be assigned to five basic services | Physical Science Biology Unit Firearms Unit Document Unit Photographic Unit | 10 | |
| 7673413874 | Physical Science Unit | Incorporated the principals of chemistry, physics, and geology to identify and compare physical evidence | 11 | |
| 7673426228 | Biology Unit | Applies the knowledge of biological sciences in order to investigate blood samples, body fluids, hair, and fiber samples |  | 12 |
| 7673438016 | Fire Arms Unit | Investigates discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shot gun shells, and ammunition |  | 13 |
| 7673447784 | Document Unit | Provides the skills needed for handwriting analysis and other questioned-document issues |  | 14 |
| 7673458585 | Photographic Unit | Applies specialized photographic techniques for recording and examining physical evidence | 15 | |
| 7673475949 | Toxicology Unit | examines body fluids and organs for the presence of drugs and poisons |  | 16 |
| 7673484573 | Polygraph Unit | Conducts polygraph or lie detector test |  | 17 |
| 7673496461 | Scientific Method | 1. Formulate a question worthy of investigation. 2. Formulate a reasonable hypothesis to answer the question. 3. Test the hypothesis through experimentation. 4. Upon validation of the hypothesis, it become suitable as scientific evidence |  | 18 |
| 7673513509 | Expert Witness | An individual whom the court determines possesses knowledge relevant to the trial that is not expected of the average person. Is called on to evaluate evidence based on specialized training and experience that the court lacks the expertise to do |  | 19 |
| 7673533333 | Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts | The necessity for the forensic scientist to appear in court | 20 | |
| 7673544086 | The Frye Standard | the evidence in question must be "generally accepted" by the scientific community | 21 | |
| 7673553823 | Frye v. United States | The decision set guidelines for determining the admissibility if scientific evidence into the courtroom | 22 | |
| 7673563545 | Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical | Asserted that the Frye standard is not an absolute prerequisite to the admissibility of scientific evidence | 23 | |
| 7673588480 | Gatekeepers | Trial judges were said to be ultimately responsible as _______ for the admissibility and validity of scientific evidence presented in their courts, as well as all expert testimony |  | 24 |
| 7673592921 | The Daubert Criteria | The Supreme Court offered some guidelines as to how a judge can gauge scientific evidence: 1. Whether the scientific technique or theory can be (and has been) tested. 2. Whether the technique or theory has been subject to peer review and publication. 3. The technique's potential rate of error. 4.Existence and maintenance of standards controlling the technique's operation. 5.Whether the scientific theory or method has attracted widespread acceptance within a relevant scientific community | 25 | |
| 7673612468 | Forensic Psychiatry | an area in which the relationship between human behavior and legal proceedings is examined |  | 26 |
| 7673620212 | Forensic Odontology | involves using teeth to provide information about the identification of victims when a body is left in an unrecognizable state |  | 27 |
| 7673635251 | Forensic Engineering | is concerned with failure analysis, accident reconstructions and causes and origin of fires or explosions |  | 28 |
| 7673644725 | Forensic Computer Science | involves the examination of digital evidence | 29 |
