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| 165237453 | BCE | Dates that countdown backwards to the year zero. | 0 | |
| 165237454 | CE | Represents dates after the year zero. Stands for Common Era. | 1 | |
| 165237455 | Neolithic Revolution | A turning point in the stone age when humans began farming. | 2 | |
| 165237456 | Fertile Crescent | The swath of land in the Middle East where agriculture and later urbanization and later the first empires began. | 3 | |
| 165237457 | Mesopotamia | Means "land between the rivers" and refers to the region of present-day Iraq. | 4 | |
| 165237458 | Civilization | A traditional and somewhat controversial term to describe an urbanized society with written language, complex social, political, and religious institutions. | 5 | |
| 165237459 | Harappans | The first river valley civilization of India on the Indus River. They mysteriously disappeared. | 6 | |
| 165237460 | Sumerians | The name of the first culture in the world to develop cities. | 7 | |
| 165237461 | Indo-Europeans | In about the 1500s BCE these people were migrating tribes from present-day southeast Russia. Some traveled to Europe, some to Persia, and some to India. Thus, today many people in Europe, Perisa, and India share some lingustic, cultural, and biological roots. | 8 | |
| 165237462 | Persian Wars | Two failed attempts by the Persian Empire in the 400s BCE to conquer the Greeks in the 400s BCE | 9 | |
| 165237463 | Karma | A Hindu and Buddhist concept that by doing good to others, good will happen to you (and vise versa) | 10 | |
| 165237464 | Greeks | Known for their culture (such as art, architecture and philosophy). Made up of city-states. Didn't have a large empire or military. | 11 | |
| 165237465 | Daoism | Chinese religion from 500s BCE that emphasized following the mystical and indescribable "Way." It celebrated the chaos and contradictions of reality as well as the harmony of nature. The Yin and Yang symbolizes many aspects of this religion. | 12 | |
| 165237466 | Qin | Chinese dynasty in 200s BCE. Lasted 15 years. Unified Chinese kingdoms, built the Great Wall and its emperor was the legalistic Shi Huangdi. | 13 | |
| 165237467 | Persian Empire | Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great. | 14 | |
| 165237468 | Roman Empire | Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity. | 15 | |
| 165237469 | Shang | Chinese Dynasty from 1750 BCE to 1050 BCE. Area around Yellow River valley. First dynasty we have physical evidence of (oracle bone writings and bronze art). | 16 | |
| 165237470 | Reincarnation | Hindu and Buddhist belief that souls are reborn into new bodies over and over. | 17 | |
| 165237471 | Confucianism | Chinese belief system from 500s BCE that emphasized family loyalty, respecting elders, education, obedience, and ancestors. | 18 | |
| 165237472 | Buddhism | Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering. | 19 | |
| 165237473 | Ashoka | Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism. | 20 | |
| 165237474 | Gupta Dynasty | Indian Empire (320 CE-550 CE) known for re-establishing Hinduism and for achievements in math and science. | 21 | |
| 165237475 | Aqueducts | Famous example of Roman engineering that also made possible the existence of large cities. |  | 22 |
| 165237476 | roads | Classical Rome and China both had new foreign religions that spread widely in their empires due to the fact that both had built networks of these. | 23 | |
| 165237477 | Han | Chinese Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE) ruled a centralized and growing empire for 400 years. Complex centralized buraucracy with Civil service system based on Confucianism. Traded on Silk Road. | 24 | |
| 165237478 | universal | Christianity and Buddhism, though fundamentally very different both are offshoots of older exclusive ethnic-based religions. Each spread throughout the reminents of a great classical empire of the time. Because anyone could join these new religions, they could be described as _______. | 25 | |
| 165237479 | Tigris and Euphrates | Mesopotamia is the land between what two rivers? | 26 | |
| 165237480 | Black Sea | This body of water is North of present-day Turkey. |  | 27 |
| 165237481 | Persian Gulf | This body of water separates the Arabian peninsula from the more mountainous land of Persia | 28 | |
| 165237482 | Mediterranean | The Phonecian traders brought the first alphabet from the Middle East to the Greeks because both were seafaring traders in this sea. | 29 | |
| 165237483 | Roman Republic | This city state was ruled by a senate, spoke Latin, and borrowed heavily from Greek culture. They militarily expanded their territory for centuries but the senate eventually was overthrown by an imperial system. | 30 | |
| 165237484 | Alexander the Great | He and his father defeated and united the weakened Greek city-states and he defeated the Persian Empire in 330 BCE thus spreading Greek culture and influence throughout Western Asia. | 31 | |
| 165237485 | Agricultural Revolution | Resulted not only in a more reliable food source, but also in a shifting of dependancy and power to males over females, the claiming and defending of land, and the establishment of the first political and religious institutions. | 32 | |
| 165237486 | Himalayas | These mountains separate India from China and are the tallest in the world. |  | 33 |
| 165237487 | Christianity | Although initially it was seen as a bizarre cult and was violently persecuted, eventually it gained acceptance and in the 300s became the official religion of the Roman state. | 34 | |
| 165237488 | Julius Caesar | During a civil war the Roman Senate allowed him to become a dictator but he refused to give it up and the senate eventually killed him. But his name came to mean "emperor". | 35 | |
| 165237489 | Shi Huangdi | Called himself the First Emperor. He united China and buried himself with hundreds of terracotta soldiers. |  | 36 |
| 165237490 | Yellow | Chinese civilization began as small kingdoms and dynasties on this river, named after the color of the loess-type soil. | 37 | |
| 165237491 | Huns | All three of the classical empires (Romans, Han, and Gupta) faced the threat of invasion by this central Asian pastoral nomadic group. | 38 | |
| 165237492 | Empire | Starting in approximately 2500 BC, the Akkadians invaded the Sumerians and created what is probably the first ______, which is when societies are in some way taken over and dominated by a central authority. | 39 | |
| 165237493 | Historiography | The study of how history is done, such as how different people perceive past events and how a source's point-of-view impacts its portrayal of the past. | 40 | |
| 165237494 | Americas | People in this region developed complex urban societies and empires without the benefit of large pack animals or Iron technology. | 41 | |
| 165237495 | Inca | Although it had a rich and sophisticated civilization, this American empire did not have a written language. |  | 42 |
| 165237496 | Maya | This American civilization is most famous for its many pyramids, and its relative mathematical and scientific accomplishment of the time. | 43 | |
| 165237497 | pyramids | The Sumerians, Egyptians, and Americans all built different types of this kind of structure because they all had a heavily centralized governments with emperors who were seen as closely tied to religion or were even seen as gods. | 44 | |
| 165237498 | Urban Revolution | Between approximately 4000 and 1500 BCE human societies in certain river valleys transformed from Neolithic farming villages into more complex urban societies. What might this transition be called? | 45 | |
| 165237499 | The Middle East | Christianity first developed in Palestine on the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, which is in what general region of the world? |  | 46 |
| 165237500 | Patriarchal | Before agriculture, men and women are believed to have a greater degree of equality. But after the rise of agriculture, most human societies became ________ | 47 | |
| 165237501 | The Red Sea | This body of water separates the Arabian Peninsula from Africa. | 48 | |
| 165237502 | Mediterranean Sea | This body of Water separates Europe and Africa | 49 | |
| 165237503 | tones | Chinese language is made up of four different _____ which change the meaning of the words being spoken. | 50 | |
| 165237504 | cuneiform | The first written language, which was created by the Sumerians in about 3000 BCE. |  | 51 |
| 165237505 | imported | Both Greece and Japan owe their advancement to the fact that they ______ ideas from other more sophisticated regions (China in the case of Japan and the Middle East in the case of Europe) | 52 |
