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Gardner's AP English ROT

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296765374ExtensivelyWidley or considerably; to a great extent
296765375AnecdoteUnscientific observation or report
296765376ConventionalTraditional and accepted ways of practice
296765377AvidEnthusiastic; eager desire
296765378Averse toOppossed to
296765379To AnalyzeTo take apart for the purpose of study
296765380To SynthesizeTo bring things together
296765381ConfiscationThe act of authoritively taking things away
296765382AcronymAn abbreviation that forms a word
296765383In Lieu ofInstead of
296765384CumulativeBuilding up over time
296765385ExtemporaneousWithout preperation
296765386GistThe main idea
296765387To ConferTo meet; to consult; to grant
298200239Pillars of Communication (5)1. Focus 2. Form 3. Voice 4. Depth 5. Audience
296765388PlethoraOverabundance; excess
296765389Intrusive NarratorA speaker who breaks into the story with frequent editorial comments, sometimes speaking directly to the reader.
296765390Point of View: 1st PersonNarrator is driectly involved-- "I"
296765391Point of View: 2nd PersonNarrator implicates the reader's involvement-- "you"
296765392Point of View: 3rd PersonNarrator is not driectly involved-- "he, she, they"
296765393Point of View: OmniscientNarrator reports the thoughts and feeling of multiple characters and knows more than they do
296765394Point of View: Limited OmniscientNarrator reports the thoughts and feeling of one character
296765395Point of View: ObjectiveNarrator expresses no thoughts or feelings of him/herself
296765396Point of View: SubjectiveNarrator expresses some thoughts and feeling of him/herself
296765397FoilsSecondary characters whose purpose is to highlight the characteristics of protagonists by contrast
296765398AllusionsReferences to things the communicator assumes the audience knows
296765399SymbolismUsing known elements to explain or illustrate the unknown elements more deeply
296765400Euphonous; EuphoniousHaving a pleasant sound
296765401CacophonousHaving a harsh sound
296765402UbiquitousPresent everywhere all the time; omnipresent
296765403Writing Numbers RuleWrite them out when: a. the number is under 100 b. when a number begins a sentence
296765404Quotation Marks and Punctuation Rules1. Periods and commas inside, everything else outside--unless part of the quotation itself 2. Period goes outside the parenthesis note when using MLA in-text citations.
296765405Title RulesLong works--Italicize (novels, epic poems, films, etc.) Short Works--quoatations marks(poems, short stories, etc.)
296765406Unsubstantiated GeneralizationsStatements that cannot be proved
296765407Singular & Plural Agreement Rule1. Singular pronouns (he, she, it, I) refer to singular antecedents Ex. "Dave left the class, and he was angry." 2. Plural pronouns (they, we) refer to plural antecedents Ex. Students left the class with their books." Note--"Everyone" is singular and is "his/her."
296765408Historical Present TenseWhen writing about artforms (music, poetry, fiction, film, painting, ect) use the present tense, the artform is constant and is never going to change
296765409AmbigiousOpen to interpretation; not clearly defined
296765410Purpose of Literary LensesTo sharpen analysis through the isolation of elements
296765411Aristotle: TragedyA person's face to face encounter with his/her true identity
296765412Aristotle: MetaphorGiving a thing a name that belongs to something else
296765413Aristotle: AnagnorisisAlso known as discovery; the moment of enlightenment for a character, moving from ignorance to knowledge
296765414Aristotle: Peripeteia (Peripety)A sudden reversal of circumstances or a turning point, which is dependent on logic and intellect
296765415Aristotle: MimesisThe representation or imitation of nature
296765416Aristotle: CatharsisThe sudden emotional climax of feeling for audience
296765417Aristotle: HamartiaThe chraracter's moral deficiency, error, or sin; typically leads to the protagonists downfall in Greek tragedy
296765418Aristotle: RhetoricThe art of persuasion
296765419Suspension of DisbeliefColeridge suggested that if a writer could infuse a "human interest and a semblance of truth" into a fantastic tale, the reader would suspend his or her judgement concerning the implausibility of the narrative
296765420SyntaxSord order
296765421Colon (:) FunctionWhat comes after the colon clarifies or defines what comes previous to it
296765422Dash (--) FunctionTwo hyphens with no spaces. Ex. "Dashes--most grammarians agree--are used to set off parenthetical expressions. If a dash is opened, it needs to be closed, unless it is the end of a sentence.
296765423Hyphentated Words (-)Are compound words, used when more than one word acts as a single modifier. Ex. "a three-year-old"
296765424OmniscientAll knowing
296765425OmnipresentAll places; everywhere; ubiquitious
296765426OmnipotentAll powerful
296765427AbstractIntangible; cannot be sensed through the five senses
296765428ConcreteTangible; can be sensed through at least one of the five senses
296765429To EmbodyTo make an abstract concept concrete
296765430UtopiaAn idealized place or society
296765431DystopiaAn undesirable place or society
296765432CongenialPleasent; encouraging
296765433OrthodoxAdhering to the commonly accepted customs or line of thought
296765434HeterodoxNot adhering to the commonly accepted customs or line of thought
296765435VenerableWorthy of or commanding respect
296765436HeathenAn uncivilized person, especially one lacking religion
296765437IgnominiousDeeply shameful
296765438To TransfigureTo alter to a glorified or heightned state
296765439IniquitySin
296765440To SpurnTo reject
296765441ImpedimentObstacle or hinderance
296765442Archetype1. A perfect example 2. A universal symbol spanning across time and culture
296765444MalleableAble to be shaped or changed
296765445AnathemaA cursed one
296765446VisageFace
296765447PhysiognomyStudy of the face as an indication of character
296765448ExpositionBackground information the reader needs for the plot to move forward
296765449IronyA cosmic joke; the opposite happens of what one may think
296765450AllegoryEvery element of the story contributes to conveying a meaning of moral principle or lesson
296765451ParableReligious allegory
296765452EuphemismA nice way of stating something negative or unpleasent. Ex. "departed in lieu of dead"
296765453Biographical FallacyFalsely linking the literature to the author's life
296765454AntiquityAncient; old
296765455ObsequiousCompliant; obedient
296765456AptPerfectly appropriate; likely (if indicating a tendancy); perfectly appropriate
296765457MelancholySadness or depression
296765458PiousReligiously devout
296765459WantonImmoral or unchaste
296765460CountenanceAppearance, especially the expression of the face
296765461AntipathyFeelings of hatred
296765462EvincedTo demponstrate clearly
296765463DespondentFeeling of rejection
296765464To SmiteTo strike
296765465CapriciousImpulsive
296765466ImperiousOverbearing
296765467To SunderTo tear apart
296765468AppellationName or title
296765470AbstruseDiffiult to understand
296765471NuptialRelating to marriage or wedding ceremony
296765472ConnubialMarital
296765473LoquaciousTalkative
296765474TaciturnSilent
296765475MisanthropyHatred distrust of mankind
296765476MisogynyHatred of woman
296765477IdiosyncrasyPeculiarity or temperment of character
296765478EruditeHaving or showing profound knowledge
296765479NaunceA subtle difference or variation
296765480DuplicitousDeliberately deceptive behavior, "Two-faced"
296765481To ObfuscateTo make confusing
296765482VerbiageWordiness or excess of words to serve the purpose
296765483VernacularStandard or local language
296765484LapidaryConcise and polished
296765485PretentiousOstentatious
296765486Active voiceThe subject of the sentance performs the action
296765487Passive VoiceThe subject of the sentance recieves the action
296765488ConcisionAct of expressing much in a few words
296765489To ConciliateTo appease; win
296765490PliantFlexible
296765491TribulationHardship
296765492ProgenyOffspring
296765493(To) Respite1. To delay (v) 2. A break (n)
296765494IndigenousNative
296765495BrazenShameless; audacious
296765496FerventEnthusiastic
296765497PalindromeA word, line, verse, sentance, etc. that reads the same backward as forward
296765498PantheismBelief in worship of all Gods
296765499PapistOne who adheres to the Church of Rome
296765500Literary Conflict1. Person vs. person 2. Person vs. self 3. Person vs. society 4. Person vs. nature 5. Person vs. fate
296765502Verbal IronySay one thing and mean the opposite
296765503Dramatic IronyThe audience knows more than the character
296765504Situational IronyEx. The fire station burned down
296765505SarcasmVerbal irony that is cutting or used as a weapon to wound emotionally
296765506SardonicExpressing ridicule and mockery to wound
296765507SyllogismSophisticated, deductive reasoning. If A=B and B=C, then A=C Ex. The Patriots beat the Broncos, and the Broncos beat the Ravens; therefore, the Patriots will beat the Ravens.
296765508AltruismActing for the good of others
296765509DogmatismArrogant assertion of opinions as truths
296765510SycophantSomeone who sucks up to influential people; fawning parasite
296765511IrascibleEasily provoked
296765512To StifleTo quell, crush or end by force
296765513CynicalDistrusting others' motives; pessimistic world view; selfishly calculating
296765514ArdentPassionate; fervent
296765515OminousForeboding evil or harm
296765516BurgeoningFull to bursting; at the limit
296765517DocileEasily taught; submissive
296765518PetulantIrritable; ill-tempered
296765519PompousArrogant; pretentious
296765520ApparitionA supernatural appearance
296765521Nihil ex NihiloLatin- "Nothing comes from nothing"
296765522SynecdocheNaming something by its part to present the whole Ex. a "hand" as representative of a "sailor"
296765523PestilentTending to or likely to cause disease or death
296765524To FeignTo fake
296765525FainCompelled; willing and eager
296765526VehementZealous; excited
296765527AlacrityEager willingness
296765528AmiableLikeable; amicable
296765529DeleteriousCausing harmful effects
296765530To VivifyTo enliven
296765531ReverentDeeply respectful
296765532DisdainfulScornful
296765533ElegiacSorrowful; lamenting
296765534PedanticOverly concerned with minute details
296765535CondescendingImplying a decent from one's dignity
296765536ParadoxAn opinion that conflicts with common beliefs
296765537ParadigmAn example serving as a model or pattern
296765538To OssifyTo convert into or harden like bone
296765539InexorableUnyielding
296765540To TransmogrifyTo grotesquely change in form or appearence
296765541To ExtrapolateTo infer something that is unknown from something that is known; to devise
296765542RationalismThe principle or habit of accepting reason and logic as the supreme authority in matter of opinion, belief or conduct
296765543CataclysmA violent upheavel; a massive flood
296765544Apocalypse1. A universal or widespread disaster 2. A prophetic revelation--battle of good vs. evil 3. 200 B.C.- 350 B.C. Jewish and Christian writings were assumed to make revelations of the ultimate divine purpose. 4. A disclosure of something hidden from the majority of mankind in an era dominated by falsehood and misconception; the veil to be lifted
296765548Romanticism1. All individuals have access to divinity 2. Goodness resides in the natural world
296765549Diametric forces and/or EntitiesThings that cannot exist without one another in direct opposition. Ex. black and white, good and evil, tall and short.
296765550ReversalThe twist that changes what is thought to happen; irony
296765551ProgressionHow the author is moving through the story
296765552RepetitionThe act of repeating phrases, situations, etc.
296765553ConnotationAssociation or idea implied through the use of a word or phrase; implication; undertone
296765554DenotationLiteral indication or interpretation of a word of phrase; direct reference
296765555To DetachTo disengage
296765556SomberGloomily dark or dull
296765557NostalgiaA sentimental yearing for the happiness of a former place or time
296765558BanterPlayful conversation
296765559PoignantProfoundly moving; intense; stimulating
296765560AudaciousExtremely bold; daring
296765561CandidOpen; sincere
296765563ImpartialIndifferent; unbaised
296765564To ImbueTo dye or stain psychologically
296765565EnmityHatred
296765566To AscertainTo figure out; Decipher
296765567ArduousDifficult
296765568InsolentArrogant
296765569PerniciousDestructive
296765570SuperfluousBeyond what is required
296765571To MollifyTo soften
296765572To SufficeTo be enough
296765573AuspiciousFavorable
296765574TabooSocially forbidden
296765575To AdmonishTo scold in order to improve
296765576To AbashTo embarrass
296765577AsperityHarshness
296765578To ExonerateTo free from blame
296765579RetributionRecompense; punishment; something justly deserved
296765580ImpunityWithout punishment
296765581AssiduityApplication of diligence
296765582TermagantA scolding, violent woman
296765583Virago `A noisy, scolding or domineering woman
296765584TransientBrief
296765585InfirmityIllness
296765586To RetchTo vomit
296765587GauntHaggard
296765588PlaintiveMelancholy
296765589VoraciouslyRavenously
296765590ImperceptibleSubtle
296765591To VexTo annoy
296765592To ElicitTo evoke
296765593OdiousOffensive
296765594IngenuousnessInnocence
296765595DubiousQuestionable
296765596ExecrationLoathing
296765597To ConsecrateTo declare sacred
296765598To CapitulateTo surrender; to give up under conditions
296765599To CullTo pick out
296765600To AmeliorateTo make better; to improve
296765601LineamentsLines or features of the face
296765602FastidiousParticular
296765603InfidelsThose with no moral or religious beliefs
296765604FilialRelating to a child
296765605ApathyThe quality of not caring
296765607To PrognosticateTo predict
296765608To EndueTo provide with a quality of power
296765609ImmutableUnchangeable
296765610SemblanceLikeness or image
296765611To DivineTo perceive intuitivly through inexplicable power
296765612To DiscernTo figure out
296765613PrecociousMature beyond one's years
296765614Rhyme SchemeThe pattern of the rhyme (AB, AB): I was thy neighbor onece, thou rugged pile! Four summer weeks I dwelt in the sight of thee: I say thee every day; and all the while Thy Form was sleeping on a glassy sea. -William Wordsworth
296765615Sight RhymeWords that look like they rhyme: Tho' the morning was cold, Tom was happy and warm So if all do their duty they need not fear harm -William Blake
296765616ConsonanceRepetition of consonant sounds at the end of words: Through wood and dale the sacred river ran, Then reached the caverns measureless to man, -Samuel Taylor Coleridge
296765617AssonanceRepetition of the internal vowel sounds of words: On desperate seas long wont to roam -Edgar Allen Poe
296765618AlliterationRepetition of the initial consonant sounds of words: When to the sessions of sweet and silent thought -William Shakespeare
296765619Internal RhymeThe occurrence of similar sounds within the lines of a poem, rather than just the end: So a kiss or two is nothing to you -Rudyard Kipling
296765620Masculine RhymeSingle-syllable rhyme: It took dominion everywhere. The jar was gray and bare. -Wallace Stevens
296765621Feminine RhymeTwo or more syllable rhyme: While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroad In such an ecstasy! Still wouldst thou sing, and I have ears in vain— To thy high requiem become a sod. -John Keats
296765622CaesuraA pause in a metrical line, indicated by punctuation, momentarily suspending the beat; they are masculine at the end of the foot, and feminine in mid-foot: To err is human; to forgive, devine -Alexander Pope
296765623End StoppedA poetic line in which the end of the line coincides with the end of the grammatical unit usually the sentence; a line without injambment: Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; -Robert Frost
296765624EnjambmentA conitnuation from one line or couplet of a poem to the next with no pause: He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow -Robert Frost
296765625CacophonyThe use of deliberately harsh, awkward sounds: We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will. -Winston Churchill
296765626EuphonyThe use of sounds that blend harmoniously: Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run; -John Keats
296765627AnaphoraA technique of beginning successive clauses or lines with the same word or words: My mother likes being in the forest. I like the suburbs. My mother has a lot of friends. I have two. My mother likes to talk to everyone. I'd rather not. -Jane Chen
296765628CoupletTwo rhymed lines of poetry: When my mother died I was very young And my father sold me while yet my tongue -William Blake
296765629FootRhythmic unit of a line of poetry metric unit: ﬞ--unstressed (long), ΄--stressed (short)
296765630IambA type of foot that is formed by one unstressed and one stressed sylllable together: To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells -John Keats
296765631Iambic PentameterFive lambs per line: Now is the winter of our discontent -William Shakespeare To be or not to be, that is the question -William Shakespeare
296765632MeterThe rise and fall of syllables in a poem
296765633To scanTo analyze the meter
296765634Free VersePoetry written without a regular rhyme scheme, metrical pattern or form: You shall no longer take things at second or third hand, nor look through the eyes of the dead, nor feed on the spectres in books, You shall not look through my eyes either, nor take things from me, You shall listen to all sides and filter them through your self. - Walt Whitman
296765635Blank VerseUnrhymed iambic pentameter: When I see birches bend to left and right Across the lines of straighter darker trees, I like to think some boy's been swinging them. -Robert Frost
296765636ProseA literary medium distinguished from poetry especially by its greater irregularity and variety of rhyme and its close correspondence to the patterns of everyday speech:
296765637AcrosticWords arranged in a poem to disclose a hidden word or message when read in sequence: Scipio the highth of Rome. With tract oblique At first, as one who sought access, but feard To interrupt, side-long he works his way. As when a Ship by skilful Stearsman wrought Nigh Rivers mouth or Foreland, Where the Wind -John Milton
296765638RequiemA song or prayer for the dead: Under the wide and starry sky Dig the grave and let me lie: Glad did I live and gladly die, And I laid me down with a will. -Robert Louis Stevenson
296765639BalladA long narrative poem, 4 line stanzas (xaxa)- x meaning that the lines do not rhyme. They are usually in very regualr meter and rhyme; typically "folksy" unline the epic: It is an ancient Mariner, And he stoppeth one of three. "By thy long gray beard and glittering eye, Now wherefore stopp'st thou me?" -Samuel Taylor Coleridge
296765640LimerickA five lined poem that has one couplet and one triplet (aabba): There once was a man from Nantucket Who kept all his cash in a bucket. But his daughter, named Nan, Ran away with a man And as for the bucket, Nantucket. -Anonymous
296765641HaikuA poem of three lines; 5-7-5 meter: The red blossom bends And dips its dew to the ground Like a tear it falls. -Brock
296765642Shakespearean Sonnet14 lines, 10 syllables per line, 3 Quatrains and 1 Couplet, ABAB CDCD EFEF GG rhyme scheme, Volta is the shift or turn in the poem: My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips' red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. I have seen roses damasked, red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks; And in some perfumes is there more delight Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. I love to hear her speak, yet well I know That music hath a far more pleasing sound; I grant I never saw a goddess go; My mistress when she walks treads on the ground. And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare As any she belied with false compare. -William Shakespeare (Sonnet 130)
296765643ElegyPoetry that mediates on death or mortality in a serious, thoughtful manner
296765644LamentPoetry of sadness or grief over the death of a loved one or other intense loss
296765645PastoralPoetry set in tranquil nature; more specifically, one about shepherds and rustic life
296765646PlaintPoetry or speech that expresses sorrow
296765647EpicA long work of poetry or prose on a serious theme in a dignified style: Paradise Lost & Paradise Regained (Milton) Inferno, Paradise, Purgatory (Dante) Illiad & Odyssey (Homer) Beowulf (?????)
296765648In Medias ResLatin for "in the midst of things"
296765649SentimentalPoetry that dishonestly manipulates emotions
296765650DoggeralCrude, simplistic verse
296765651AestheticAppealing to the senses; coherent sense of taste; study of beauty
296765652DescriptivismSeeing things for what they really are; a truth value- morally or ethically
296765653PrescriptivismSeeing things for how they should be- morally or ethically
296765654AnthropomorphismGiving human-like attributes to animals, plants, rivers, winds, or to other such tangible entities and natural phenomenon.
298200240FocusThe precise point or effect of the communication.
298200241FormThe structure or mode of communication.
298200242VoiceThe mood or attitude of the communication; same as tone.
298200243DepthThe thoroughness and/or persuasiveness of the communication.
298200244AudienceThe intended target(s) of the communication.
298200245Levels of Diction1. Formal--the tuxedo (My edidermal layer of bodily protection has been damaged by UV radiation.) 2. Informal--shirt and tie (The sun's ray's were strong today, and now I have a sunburn.) 3. Colloquial--jeans and a tee-shirt (I am a little toasty today, I am a crispy critter.) 4. Slang--baggy jeans, hoodie and baseball cap (I'm frickin' fried by the wicked hot sun.)
298200246Aristotle: EthosThe moral or ethical state of being. This resides with the audience.
298200247Aristotle: PathosAppealing to the audience's emotions and ethos.
298200248Artistotle: LogosAppealing to the audience's sense of logic. Convincing based upon knowledge. Logos appeal enhances ethos appeal.
298200249To RemonstrateTo scold
298200250RationalismThe principle of habit of accepting reason as the supreme authority in matters of opinion, belief or conduct.
298200251Existential Pillars1. People are entirely free and, therefore, responsible for what they make of themselves. With this responsibility comes a profound anguish or dread. 2. The belief that nothing has inherent meaning. 3. The universe is indifferent and often hostile to humans. 4. People judge life according to individual experience. 5. A person's own convictions, not external rules, determine truth. 6. Human existence is unexplainable. 7. Freedom of choice exists, but so do the consequences of one's actions.
298200252Nihilistic Pillars1. An extreme form of skepticism: the denial of all real existence or the possibility of an objective basis for truth. 2. The total rejection of all laws and institutions 3. The total and absolute destructiveness toward the world and oneself. 4. The annihilation of the self or individual consciousness—esp. as an aspect of mystical experience
298214301MalignityBeing exposed to evil; ill will
298214302ExhortationAn urge or persuasion to take action
298214303TimourousTimid; afraid
298222548FormidableImpressive strength; inspiring fear
298222549SuperciliousArrogant contempt; disdain
298222550LaudatoryFull of praise
298222551SurrepticiouslyDone by secretive means
298222552BohemianUnconventional behavior or appearance
298222553BenevolentGenerous in providing aid to others
298222554ParodyHumorous or satirical mimicry
298243963SanguineCheerfully optimistic; red-cheeked
298249561QuixoticIdealistic but impractical
318967257UnderstatementThe deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis; opposite of hyperbole. Ex. Saying, "It is chilly outside," when it is 20 below 0.

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