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| 728737253 | defective promoter | no RNA/protein produced DNA is still present | 0 | |
| 728737254 | defective terminator | mRNA is produced, but longer than normal | 1 | |
| 728780094 | failure to splice | longer mRNA produced but protein is shorter | 2 | |
| 728780095 | exon cut out | shorter mRNA and shorter protein | 3 | |
| 728780096 | defective start codon | shorter mRNA. RNAP will start at next available start codon | 4 | |
| 728780097 | defective stop codon | longer mRNA will be made | 5 | |
| 728780098 | northern blot | view RNA | 6 | |
| 728780099 | RT-PCR | view RNA | 7 | |
| 728780100 | western blot | view protein | 8 | |
| 728780101 | southern blot | view DNA | 9 | |
| 728780102 | peptide bond | covalent bond between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another | 10 | |
| 728780103 | amino terminus | end of polypeptide chain where amino acid bears free amino group. On same side as 5' | 11 | |
| 728780104 | carboxyl terminus | end of polypeptide chain where amino acid bears free carboxyl group. On same side as 3' | 12 | |
| 728780105 | RNAP 1 | Transcription of rRNA | 13 | |
| 728780106 | RNAP 2 | Transcribes all protein-coding genes | 14 | |
| 728780107 | RNAP 3 | Transcribes all tRNA genes | 15 | |
| 728780108 | promoter | where RNAP binds to begin transcription; non-coding region | 16 | |
| 728780109 | initiation | RNA binds with ribosomes to begin transcription | 17 | |
| 728780110 | elongation | addition of amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain | 18 | |
| 728780111 | termination | terminator ends transcription | 19 | |
| 728780112 | mRNA | copy of sequence information in a gene | 20 | |
| 728780113 | tRNA | "connector" that positions amino acids on ribosomes for translation according to the sequence of codons on mRNA. Carries amino acid so it will be lined up in the proper order and orientation. | 21 | |
| 728780114 | rRNA | nucleic acid component of ribosomes | 22 | |
| 728780115 | RNAP | catalyst for transcription | 23 | |
| 728780116 | m7G | "cap" at 5' end of mature mRNA | 24 | |
| 728780117 | poly A tail | "buffer zone" against degradation at the 3' end of mRNA | 25 | |
| 728780118 | introns | spliced out of mRNA during processing | 26 | |
| 728780119 | exons | the portion of a gene that contains the coding for proteins | 27 | |
| 728780120 | spliceosome | contains snRNPs, removes portions of mRNA during processing | 28 | |
| 728780121 | ribosome | catalyst for translation | 29 | |
| 728780122 | snRNP | small nucleoprotein particles involved in RNA splicing | 30 | |
| 728780123 | codon | 3 adjacent nucleotides in an mRNA molecule | 31 | |
| 728780124 | anticodon | 3 bases in tRNA molecule complementary to the codon on mRNA | 32 | |
| 728780125 | epistasis | interaction between non-allelic genes in their effects on a trait. Genotype at one locus affects the phenotypic expression of the genotype at another locus. | 33 | |
| 728785419 | what is the template strand for the nontemplate strand? 5' AGCTTGA 3' | 3'TCGAACT5' | 34 | |
| 728811507 | Karyotype | Conventional representation; numbered 1-22 with sex chromosomes last | 35 | |
| 728811508 | p | petite | 36 | |
| 728811509 | q | non-petite | 37 | |
| 728811510 | Acentric Chromosome | No centromere; unstable b/c cannot be maneuvered properly during cell division | 38 | |
| 728811511 | Acrocentric Chromosome | centromere very close to one end | 39 | |
| 728811512 | Dicentric Chromosome | Two centromeres; not transmitted in predictable fashion, frequently lost from cell when two centromeres proceed to opposite poles | 40 | |
| 728811513 | Why do humans have 46 chromosomes while our great ape relatives have 48? | No obvious homolog of Chromosome 2 which is formed by telomeres b/w short arms of 2 acrocentric chromosomes that remain that way; form dicentric, but only one functional centromere | 41 | |
| 728811514 | Genetic Mosaic | Individual that contains cells of two or more different genotypes | 42 | |
| 728811515 | Haplotype | Set of alleles @ two or more loci present | 43 | |
| 728811516 | Santorum's daughter with Trisomy 18 | Edward's Syndrome; extra copy of 18; relative gene dosage is upset; probably caused by nondisjunction (failure of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis) | 44 | |
| 728811517 | Deletion | segment is missing; generally harmful to organism | 45 | |
| 728811518 | Duplication | Region that is present twice | 46 | |
| 728811519 | Inversion | Linear order of group of genes is reverse of normal order; Same chromosome; more tightly linked than you thought | 47 | |
| 728811520 | Translocation | interchange of parts b/w non-homologous chromosomes; different chromosomes; normally unlinked, now linked | 48 | |
| 728811521 | Why do polyploid plants have even number of chromosomes? | Odd set # of chromosomes has low fertility | 49 | |
| 728811522 | Sexual v Asexual Polyploidization | Sexual: Increase in chromosome # takes place in MEIOSIS Asexual: Doubling of chromosome takes place in MITOSIS | 50 | |
| 728811523 | Autopolyploid | Chromosome in polyploid species derive WITHIN SAME SINGLE diploid ancestral species | 51 | |
| 728811524 | Allopolyploid | have complete sets of chromosomes from two or more DIFFERENT ancestral species | 52 | |
| 728811525 | Synteny Group | group of genes present in continuous region of chromosome in two or more species | 53 | |
| 728811526 | Trisomy | extra copy of individual chromosome | 54 | |
| 728811527 | Monosomy | missing copy of chromosome | 55 | |
| 728811528 | Euploid | Triploid (3 sets of chromosomes); Tetraploid (4 sets) | 56 | |
| 728811529 | Aneuploid | unbalanced chromosome compliments (trisomy/monosomy) | 57 | |
| 728811530 | Bivalent | pair of homologous chromosomes; normal | 58 | |
| 728811531 | Univalent | unpaired chromosome | 59 | |
| 728811532 | Paracentric Inversion | 'Beside;' centromere is not included in inverted region | 60 | |
| 728811533 | Pericentric Inversion | 'Around;' does include centromere | 61 | |
| 728811534 | lacI | regulatory gene whose product is repressor protein that keeps system turned off | 62 | |
| 728811535 | lacP | promoter | 63 | |
| 728811536 | lacO | operator | 64 | |
| 728811537 | lac operon | lacP and lacO | 65 | |
| 728811538 | lacZ | encode proteins needed for transport and cleavage of lactose; Beta-galactosidase | 66 | |
| 728811539 | lacY | permease | 67 | |
| 728811540 | What are structural genes | lacZ and lacY | 68 | |
| 728811541 | trpP | Promoter | 69 | |
| 728811542 | trpO | Operator | 70 | |
| 728811543 | trpE | coding region; first one translated | 71 | |
| 728811544 | trpD | second coding gene | 72 | |
| 728811545 | trpA | last coding gene | 73 | |
| 728811546 | trpa | attenuator sequence | 74 | |
| 728811547 | What are structural genes | trpE, trpD, trpA | 75 | |
| 728811548 | Transcriptional Activator | a positive regulatory protein that binds to an upstream DNA sequence in order to encourage transcription of gene in question | 76 | |
| 728811549 | Enhancer | DNA sequence that provides a binding site for proteins, the DNA-protein combination increases transcription of the gene in question | 77 | |
| 728811550 | Silencer | DNA sequence that provides binding site for proteins, the DNA-protein combination decreases the transcription of the gene in question | 78 | |
| 728811551 | Epigenetics | non-sequence modifications of DNA that affect gene expression and are passed on from one generation to the next | 79 | |
| 728826556 | default state of negative regulation | ON | 80 | |
| 728826557 | default state of positive regulation | OFF | 81 | |
| 728826558 | "negative inducible" | inducer binds to repressor to initiate transcription | 82 | |
| 728826559 | "negative repressible" | aporepressor and corepressor form complex to inhibit transcription | 83 | |
| 729159463 | lac operon | inducible lactose is inducer | 84 | |
| 729159464 | trp operon | repressible tryptophan is co-repressor | 85 | |
| 729319021 | homozygous for inversion | no crossing over; map units stay the same (5.16) | 86 | |
| 729319022 | heterozygous for inversion | no recovery of recombination products; RF=(inversion length) x original mu (5.16) | 87 | |
| 730014407 | polysome | mRNA covered with ribosomes observed in only prokaryotes because they lack nuclear envelope | 88 |
