intro to genetics, gen 313
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| 165419196 | prophase | chromosomes start to condense, spindle fibers start to form | |
| 165419197 | metaphase | chomosomes line up, spindles on opposite sides | |
| 165419199 | anaphase | sister chromatids separate | |
| 165419201 | telophase | chomosomes decondense, nuclear envelop begins to form | |
| 165419203 | prophase I | chromosomes condense, homologous pairs synapse-bivalent titrad-crossing over (1st mechanism generating variation) | |
| 165419205 | metaphase I | homologous pairs line up at metaphase plate | |
| 165419207 | anaphase I | homologous pairs separate, random segregation of homologous pairs (2nd mechanism generating variation) | |
| 165419209 | meiosis II | just like mitosis | |
| 165419211 | allele | version of a gene | |
| 165419213 | gene | region of DNA w/ information | |
| 165419215 | locus | area of chromosome | |
| 165419217 | chi-square test | (expected-observed)^2/expected | |
| 165419219 | sex determination genes | located on X and Y chromosomes | |
| 165419221 | phosphodiester bonds | link nucleotides together 3' to 5' (covalent bond) | |
| 165419223 | DNA ligase | catalyzes phosphodiester bond between 3'OH and 5' phosphate groups in DNA | |
| 165419225 | epistasis | get at one locus masks or supresses effects of gene at different locus | |
| 165419227 | recombination frequencies | 1% recombination frequency=cM between gene loci | |
| 165419230 | conjugation | requires physical contact between cells, one way transfer of DNA, between bacteria | |
| 165419231 | transformation | donor cell lysed, DNA fragments take up by recipient cell | |
| 165419232 | transduction | virus infects bacteria, phage transfers DNA from donor cell to recipient cell | |
| 165419233 | Hfr | have F factor in bacteria genes, when w/ F- -->produces 2 F+ cells, uses conjugation | |
| 165419234 | F- | no F factor in cell | |
| 165419235 | F+ | has F factor (episome) in cell | |
| 165419236 | allopolyploidy | addition of set of chromosomes (2N->3N) between different species | |
| 165419237 | hydrogen bonding | link bases on opposite strands of DNA, AT double bond, GC triple bond | |
| 165419239 | telomeres | usually contain series of cytosine nucleotides followed by adenine or thymine nucleotides | |
| 165419240 | nucleosomes | chromatin wrapped around core of 8 histones | |
| 165419241 | okazaki fragments | appear on lagging strand during replication, occurs because replication only occurs in 5'->3' direction | |
| 165419242 | promoters | DNA sequence recognized and bound by transcriptional apparatus, determines where to start, which direction and which strand | |
| 165419243 | 5' cap | pre mRNA processing, helps stabalize along with poly(A) tail | |
| 165419245 | triplet code | most efficient way to encode all 20 amino acids, allows for some overlap w/ 64 possibilites | |
| 165419246 | positive inducible control | inducer (cofactor) binds to activator to stimulate transcription | |
| 165419247 | positive repressible control | inducer (cofactor) prevents activator from binding | |
| 165419248 | negative inducible control | inducer prevents repressor from binding | |
| 165419249 | negative repressible control | corepressor binds to repressor to allow binding | |
| 165419250 | lac operon | negative inducible operon (w/o lactose transcription is off), allolactose inducer | |
| 165419251 | acetylation | activates transcription, part of histone code | |
| 165419252 | transcription activator proteins | interact w/ basal transcription apparatus | |
| 165419253 | loss of function mutations | alters structure of protein so that it no longer works correctly or mutation occurs in regulatory regions that affect the transcription, translation, or splicing of the protein | |
| 165419254 | regulatory genes | encode proteins that control transcription | |
| 165419255 | nonsense mutationss | specifies STOP codon | |
| 165419256 | PCR | requires all four nucleotides, primers, thermostable DNA polymerase, and target DNA (NOT LIGASE) | |
| 165419257 | map based sequencing | build map then sequence, based on rates of recombination, relative location to other genes, FISH, contigs | |
| 165419258 | shot-gun sequencing | look for overlaps in sequence to put together to build map | |
| 165419259 | homeotic genes | determine identity of individual segments or parts, mutatoins cause body parts to appear in the wrong places | |
| 165419260 | Hox genes | gene that contains a homeobox (subset of nucleotides in homeotic genes), encode transcription factors that help determine body regions along anterior-posterior axis | |
| 165419261 | oncogenes | stimulates cell division, leads to fomration of tumors/cancer, arises from mutated copy of proto-oncogene, associated w/ viruses and retroviruses | |
| 165419262 | tumor suppressor genes | inhibits cell division, mutations contribute to cancer (p53, RB) | |
| 165419264 | discontinuous | discrete separable phenotype, varies qualitatively, restricted (blood type, seed coat texture, fly eye color) | |
| 165419265 | continuous | large continuous range of phenotypes, varies quantitatively, unrestricted (height, weight, seed yield) | |
| 165419266 | mutation | creates new alleles in gene pool, plays relatively insignificant role in changing allele frequencies, changes allele freq short term->long term equilibrium | |
| 165419267 | migration | prevents population from becoming genetically distinct, changes allele frequency short term->long term equilibrium | |
| 165419268 | selection | changes genetic composition, principal force that shifts allele frequency in large population, long term directional selection/overdominance | |
| 165419269 | allopatric | geographic barrier splits population into 2 groups | |
| 165419270 | sympatric | species diverge while still together (reproductive isolating mechanism arises) | |
| 165419271 | prezygotic | prevent gametes from fusing-gametic, mechanical, behavioral,, ecological, temporal | |
| 165419272 | postzygotic | hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown | |
| 165574053 | dosage compensation | equalizes amount of protein produced by X-linked genes in the two sexes--double activity on one X chromosome or inactivate one chromosome | |
| 165574054 | inversion | rearrangement of linear gene order, requires 2 breaks in chromosome and reinsertion of inverted segment | |
| 165574055 | paracentric inversion | avoids centromere when rearranging genes | |
| 165574056 | pericentric inversion | includes centromere when rearranging genes | |
| 165574057 | chromosome rearrangements | duplication, deletion, inversion, translocation | |
| 165574058 | translocation | movement of one part of chromosome segment to a new location (forms cross like shape when crossing over in prophase II) | |
| 165574059 | aneuploidy | addition/subtration of single chromosome (2N+/- x) (trisomy 21) | |
| 165574060 | chromatosome | chromatin+8 histones+H1 histone, separated by linker DNA | |
| 165574061 | replication initiation | prokaryotes- -10 consensus sequence (pribnow box), -35 consensus sequence eukaryotes- TATA box, regulatory promoter further up stream, enhancers modulate transcription from distance | |
| 165574062 | I- | no lactose-no repressor lactose-no repressor | |
| 165574063 | I+ | no lactose-no repressor lactose-repressor | |
| 165574064 | Is | repressor of O+ (consitutive) | |
| 165574065 | P+ | no lactose-no binding of polymerase lactose-polymerase binds | |
| 165574066 | P- | no lactose-no binding of polymerase lactose-no binding of polymerase | |
| 165574067 | Oc | no lactose-repressor doesn't bind lactose-repressor doesn't bind | |
| 165574068 | O+ | no lactose-repressor binds lactose-repressor doesn't bind | |
| 165574069 | structural genes | encode proteins that have various cellular functions |
