Terms : Hide Images
| 6073761826 | Trait | Any observable or measurable characteristic of an individual | 0 | |
| 6073761827 | Phenotype | An observed category or measured level of performance for a trait in an individual | 1 | |
| 6073761828 | Genetics Equation | P= G + E | 2 | |
| 6073761829 | Environmental Effect | The effect that external (nongenetic) factors have on animal performance | 3 | |
| 6073761830 | Biological Type | A classification for animals with similar genotypes for traits of interest | 4 | |
| 6073761831 | System | A group of interdependent component parts | 5 | |
| 6073761832 | Interact | A dependent relationship among components of a system in which the effect of any one component depends on other components present in the system | 6 | |
| 6073761833 | Genotype by Environmental Interactions | A dependent relationship between genotypes and environments in which the difference in performance between two or more genotypes changes from environment to environment (G x E) | 7 | |
| 6073761834 | Breeding Objectives | A general goal for a breeding program - a notion of what constitutes the best animal | 8 | |
| 6073761835 | Breed | A race of animals within a species | 9 | |
| 6073761836 | End User | The individual whose particular needs should form the basis for determining breeding objectives for breeding stock | 10 | |
| 6073761837 | Germ Plasm | Genetic material in the form of live animals, semen, or embryos | 11 | |
| 6073761838 | Commercial Producers | An animal breeder whose primary product is a commodity for public consumption | 12 | |
| 6073761839 | Seedstock | Breeding stock, animals whose role is to be a parent, or in other words, to contribute genes to the next generation | 13 | |
| 6073761840 | Purebreds | Seedstock are traditionally producers of these, wholly of one breed or line | 14 | |
| 6073761841 | Line | A group of related animals within a breed | 15 | |
| 6073761842 | Intermediate Optimum | An intermediate level of performance that is optimal in terms of profitability and or function (sometimes change it too much) | 16 | |
| 6073761843 | Population | A group of inter-mating individuals, the term can refer to a breed, an entire species, a single herd or flock, or even a small group of animals within a herd | 17 | |
| 6073761844 | Selection | The process that determines which individuals become parents, how many offspring they produce, and how long they remain in the breeding population | 18 | |
| 6073761845 | Natural Selection | Selection that occurs in nature independent of deliberate human control (evolutionary force that fuels genetic change) | 19 | |
| 6073761846 | Artificial Selection | Selection that is under human control | 20 | |
| 6073761847 | Replacement Selection | The process that determines which individuals will become parents for the first time | 21 | |
| 6073761848 | Culling | The process that determines which parents will no longer remain parents | 22 | |
| 6073761849 | AI | A reproductive technology in which semen is collected from males, then used in fresh or frozen form to breed females | 23 | |
| 6073761850 | Breeding Value | The value of an individual as a (genetic) parent - Individuals with the bet sets of genes have the highest breeding value - Parental value - Does not appear in the basic model for quantitative traits | 24 | |
| 6073761851 | Phenotypic Selection | selection based solely on an individual's own phenotype(s), not looking at pedigree or any siblings (simplest form of selection) | 25 | |
| 6073761852 | Heritability | A measure of the strength of the relationship between breeding values and phenotypic values for a trait in a population (the relationship between phenotype + breeding value) | 26 | |
| 6073761853 | Fertility | The ability (of a female) to conceive or (of a male) to impregnate (heritability is low, more function of environmental effects) | 27 | |
| 6073761854 | Performance Testing | Systematic measurement of performance (phenotype) in a population | 28 | |
| 6073761855 | Pedigree Data | Selection using information on relatives, information on the genotype or performance of ancestors and or collateral relatives of an individual | 29 | |
| 6073761856 | Progeny Data | Selection using information on relatives, information on the genotype or performance of descendants of an individual | 30 | |
| 6073761857 | Genetic Prediction | The area of academic animal breeding concerned with measurement of data, statistical procedures, and computational techniques for predicting breeding values and related values | 31 | |
| 6073761858 | Sire Summary | A list of genetic predictions, accuracy values, and other useful information about sires in a breed | 32 | |
| 6073761859 | Polygenic Trait | A trait affected by many genes, no single gene having an overriding influence | 33 | |
| 6073761860 | Simply-Inherited Trait | A trait affected by only a few genes | 34 | |
| 6073761861 | Major Gene | A gene that has a readily discernible effect on a trait | 35 | |
| 6073761862 | Between-Breed Selection | The process that determines the breed(s) from which parents are selected (ex. cross breeding) | 36 | |
| 6073761863 | Mating | The process that determines with (selected) males are bred to which (selected) females (different than selection) | 37 | |
| 6073761864 | Mating System | A set of rules for mating - To produce offspring with extreme breeding value in order to increase the rate of genetic change - To make use of complementarity - To obtain hybrid vigor (heterosis) | 38 | |
| 6073761865 | Complemetarity | Improvement in overall performance of offspring resulting from mating with different but complementary breeding values | 39 | |
| 6073761866 | Hybrid Vigor | AKA Heterosis, increase in the performance of hybrids over that of purebreds | 40 | |
| 6073761867 | Crossbreeding | The mating of sires of one breed or breed combination to dams of another breed or breed combination | 41 | |
| 6073761868 | Inbreeding | The mating of relatives | 42 | |
| 6073761869 | Inbreeding Depression | The reverse of hybrid vigor | 43 | |
| 6073761870 | Corrective Mating | A mating designed to correct in their progeny faults of one or both parents | 44 | |
| 6073761871 | Gene | The basic physical unit of heredity consisting of a DNA sequence at a specific location on a chromosome | 45 | |
| 6073761872 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that forms the genetic code. | 46 | |
| 6073761873 | Chromosome | One of a number of long strands of DNA and associated proteins present in the nucleus of every cell | 47 | |
| 6073761874 | Homologs | One of a pair of chromosomes having corresponding loci | 48 | |
| 6073761875 | Locus | The specific location of a gene on a chromosome | 49 | |
| 6073761876 | Alleles | An alternative form of a gene | 50 | |
| 6073761877 | Multiple Alleles | More than two possible alleles at a locus (two separate genes can affect one thing) | 51 | |
| 6073761878 | Genotype | The combination of genes at a single locus or at a number of loci | 52 | |
| 6073761879 | Homozygous Genotype | A one-locus genotype containing functionally identical genes | 53 | |
| 6073761880 | Heterozygous Genotype | A one-locus genotype containing functionally different genes | 54 | |
| 6073761881 | Segregation | The separation of paired genes during germ cell formation | 55 | |
| 6073761882 | Germ Cell/Gamete | A sex cell (sperm or egg) | 56 | |
| 6073761883 | Meiosis | The process of germ cell formation | 57 | |
| 6073761884 | Independent Assortment | The independent segregation of genes at different loci | 58 | |
| 6073761885 | Linkage | The occurrence of two or more loci of interest on the same chromosome | 59 | |
| 6073761886 | Crossing Over | A reciprocal exchange of chromosome segments between homologs (occurs during meiosis prior to the time homologous chromosomes are separated to form gametes) | 60 | |
| 6073761887 | Recombination | The formation of a new combination of genes on a chromosome as a result of crossing over (probability depends on the distance from the loci, the farther the more likely it is to occur) | 61 | |
| 6073761888 | Embryo | An organism in the early stages of development in the shell or uterus (gametes from the sire and dam combine to form a zygote) | 62 | |
| 6073761889 | Zygote | A cell formed from the union of male and female gametes (this has a full complement of genes, half from the sperm and half from the egg) | 63 | |
| 6073761890 | Gamete Selection | The process that determines which egg matures and which sperm succeeds in fertilizing the egg (essentially random, all gametes have an equal chance of contributing to a zygote) | 64 | |
| 6073761891 | Punnet Square | Two-dimensional grid used to determine the possible zygotes from a mating | 65 | |
| 6073761892 | Mendelian Sampling | The random sampling of parental genes caused by segregation and independent assortment of genes during germ cell formation and by random selection of gametes in the formation of the embryo (determines genetic makeup of the offspring, causes issues for breeders trying to get a certain trait) | 66 | |
| 6073761893 | Dominance | An interaction between genes at a single locus such that in heterozygotes one allele has more effect than the other, the allele with the greater effect is dominant over its recessive counterpart | 67 | |
| 6073761894 | Complete Dominance | A form of dominance in which the expression of the heterozygote is identical to the expression of the homozygous dominant genotype, classic form of dominance where the heterozygote is the same as the homozygote dominant (JJ = Jj)-- (same phenotypic expression) | 68 | |
| 6073761895 | Partial Dominance | A form of dominance in which the expression of the heterozygote is intermediate to the expressions of the homozygous genotypes and more closely resembles the expression of the homozygous dominant genotype (ex. HYPP in horses) | 69 | |
| 6073761896 | No Dominance | A form of dominance in which the expression of the heterozygote is exactly midway between the expressions of the homozygous genotypes, neither allele is dominant | 70 | |
| 6073761897 | Overdominance | A form of dominance in which the expression of the heterozygote is outside the range defined by the expressions of the homozygous genotypes and most closely resembles the expression of the homozygous dominant genotype, a superior heterozygote or extreme, most extreme form of dominance | 71 | |
| 6073761898 | Epistasis | An interaction among genes at different loci such that the expression of genes at one locus depends on the alleles present at one or more other loci | 72 | |
| 6073761899 | Breed True | A phenotype for a simply-inherited trait is said to breed true if two parents with that phenotype produce offspring of that same phenotype exclusively | 73 | |
| 6073761900 | Sex Linkage | The pattern of inheritance for genes located on sex chromosomes (females XX, male XY) | 74 | |
| 6073761901 | Hemizygous | Having only one gene of a pair, a gen on the X chromosome of a mammalian male) | 75 | |
| 6073761902 | Sex-Limited Inheritance | A pattern of inheritance in which phenotypic expression is limited to one sex (calico cats, milk production) | 76 | |
| 6073761903 | Sex-Influenced Inheritance | A pattern of inheritance in which modes of gene expression differs between males and female, an allele may be dominant in males and recessive in females | 77 | |
| 6073761904 | Gene Frequency/Allelic Frequency | The relative frequency of a particular allele in a population, how common that allele is relative to other alleles that occur at that locus, range from 0-1 | 78 | |
| 6073761905 | Genotypic Frequency | The relative frequency of a particular one-locus genotype in a population | 79 | |
| 6073761906 | Population Genetics | The study of factors affecting gene and genotypic frequencies in a population | 80 | |
| 6073761907 | Fixation | The point at which a particular allele becomes the only allele at its locus in a population - the frequency of the allele becomes one | 81 | |
| 6073761908 | Half Sibs | Half brothers and sisters | 82 | |
| 6073761909 | Common Ancestor | An ancestor common to more than one individual. In the context of inbreeding, the term refers to an ancestor common to the parents of a inbred individual | 83 | |
| 6073761910 | Arrow Diagram | A form of pedigree depicting schematically the flow of genes from ancestors to descendants | 84 | |
| 6073761911 | Pedigree Relationship | Relationship between animals due to kinship. Examples include full-sib, half-sib, and parent-offspring relationships | 85 | |
| 6073761912 | Outbreeding | The mating of unrelated individuals | 86 | |
| 6073761913 | Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | A state of constant gene and genotypic frequencies occurring in a population in the absence of forces that change those frequencies | 87 | |
| 6073761914 | F1 | Referring to the first generation crosses between two unrelated (though not necessarily purebred) populations | 88 | |
| 6073761915 | F2 | Referring to the generation of crosses produced by mating F1 (first-cross) individuals among themselves | 89 | |
| 6073761916 | Mutation | The process that alters DNA to create new alleles | 90 | |
| 6073761917 | Migration | The movement of individuals into or out of a population | 91 | |
| 6073761918 | Random Drift | Change in gene frequencies in small populations due purely to chance | 92 | |
| 6073761919 | Random Mating | A mating system in which all matings are equally likely (absence of any systematic mating scheme ) | 93 | |
| 6073761920 | Qualitative/Categorical Trait | A trait in which phenotypes are expressed in categories | 94 | |
| 6073761921 | Quantitative Trait | A trait in which phenotypes show continuous (numerical) expression | 95 | |
| 6073761922 | Dystocia | Difficulty in giving birth or being born | 96 | |
| 6073761923 | Threshold Trait | A polygenic trait in which phenotypes are expressed in categories | 97 | |
| 6073761924 | Test Mating/Test Cross | A mating designed to reveal the genotype of an individual for a small # of loci | 98 | |
| 6073761925 | Embryo Transfer (E.T.) | A reproductive technology in which embryos from donor females are collected and transferred in fresh or frozen form to recipient females | 99 | |
| 6073761926 | Fitness | The ability of an individual and its corresponding phenotype and genotype to contribute offspring to the next generation. The term refers to the number of offspring an individual produces--not just its ability to be selected | 100 | |
| 6073761927 | Phenotypic Value | A measure of performance for a trait in an individual-- a performance record | 101 | |
| 6073761928 | Population Mean | The average phenotypic value of all individuals in a population -- to show that the elements of the genetic model are relative to the population being considered | 102 | |
| 6073761929 | Genotypic Value | The effect of an individual's genes (singly and in combination) on its performance for a trait -- not directly measureable | 103 | |
| 6073761930 | Independent Gene Effect | The effect of a gene independent of the effect of the other gene at the same locus (dominance) and the effects of genes at other loci (epistasis). | 104 | |
| 6073761931 | Estimated Breeding Value | A prediction of a breeding value | 105 | |
| 6073761932 | Progeny Difference or Transmitting Ability | Half an individual's breeding value - the expected difference between the mean performance of the individual's progeny and the mean performance of all progeny (assuming randomly chosen mates) PD=1/2BV | 106 | |
| 6073761933 | Expected Progeny Difference of Predicted Difference of Estimated Transmitting Ability | A prediction of a progeny difference | 107 | |
| 6073761934 | Additive Gene Effect | Independent gene effect | 108 | |
| 6073761935 | Additive Genetic Value or Additive Value | Breeding value | 109 | |
| 6073761936 | Gene Combination Value | The part of an individual's genotypic value that is due to the effects of gene combinations (dominance and epistasis) and cannot, therefore, be transmitted from parent to offspring | 110 | |
| 6073761937 | Gen Combination Effect | The effect of a combination of genes, i.e., a dominance or epistatic effect | 111 | |
| 6073761938 | Nonadditive Gene Effects | Gene combination effects | 112 | |
| 6073761939 | Nonadditive Genetic Value of Nonadditive Value | Gene combination value | 113 | |
| 6073761940 | Repeated trait | A trait for which individuals commonly have more than one performance record (ex. milk production, wool production) | 114 | |
| 6073761941 | Producing Ability | The performance potential of an individual for a repeated trait, permanent | 115 | |
| 6073761942 | Permanent Environmental Effect | An environmental effect that permanently influences an individual's performance for a repeated trait PA = BV + GCV + Ep | 116 | |
| 6073761943 | Temporary Environmental Effect | An environmental effect that influences a single performance record of an individual, but does not permanently affect the individual's performance potential for a repeated trait | 117 | |
| 6073761944 | Most Probably Producing Ability | A prediction of producing ability (more important for producers) P = (mu) + MPPA | 118 | |
| 6073761945 | Threshold | A point on the continuous liability scale for a threshold trait above which animals exhibit one phenotype and below which they exhibit another (ex. fertility) | 119 |
