America's Gilded Age, 1870-1890
Dr. King-Owen, APUSH
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| 1178789255 | Iron Horse | a locomotive | 0 | |
| 1178789256 | Trusts | Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies. | 1 | |
| 1178789257 | Social Darwinism | A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background. | 2 | |
| 1178789258 | Promontory Point (UT), 1869 | Union Pacific & Central Pacific joined tracks here in 1869; drove a gold spike through the track | 3 | |
| 1178789259 | Robber Barons | Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price. | 4 | |
| 1178789260 | Gospel of Wealth | This was an article written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. | 5 | |
| 1178789261 | Stock watering | Originally referring to cattle, term for the practice of railroad promoters exaggerationg the profitability of stocks in excess of its actual value | 6 | |
| 1178789262 | Pools | Agreements between companies to maintain prices at a certain level | 7 | |
| 1178789263 | Sherman Anti-Trust Act | First federal action against monopolies. However, it was initially misused against labor unions. | 8 | |
| 1178789264 | Interstate Commerce Act | Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices | 9 | |
| 1178789265 | Granger Laws | A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates. | 10 | |
| 1178789266 | American Federation of Labor | 1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hours, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent. | 11 | |
| 1178789267 | Haymarket Square Riot, 1886 | Began as rally in support of striking workers in Illinois; however, someone threw a bomb at police which led to gunfire; 8 anarchists tried (4 convicted); marked decline of Knights of Labor | 12 | |
| 1178789268 | Knights of Labor | Founded in 1869 by Uriah S. Stephens and led by Terrence Powderly. Its goals were the establishment of the 8 hour work day and the abolition of child labor. Open membership to EVERYONE besides bankers, lawyers, gamblers, and liquor dealers. Collapsed after Haymarket Square Riot | 13 | |
| 1178789269 | Craft Union | a labor union whose membership is restricted to workers in a particular craft | 14 | |
| 1178789270 | Closed shop | A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor. | 15 | |
| 1178789271 | Open shop | A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment. | 16 | |
| 1178789272 | Yellow-dog contracts | Contracts that force employees to agree not to join a union or participate in any union activity as a condition of employment. | 17 | |
| 1178789273 | Black list | A list of people who had done some misdeed and were disliked by business. They were refused jobs and harassed by unions and businesses. | 18 | |
| 1178789274 | Company town | a community set up and run by a company for its workers (ex. Pullman, IL) | 19 | |
| 1178789275 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. He was a robber baron. | 20 | |
| 1178789276 | John D. Rockefeller | An American industrialist and philanthropist, in 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company. He often forced rival companies to sell out by drastically lowering his own prices. At one point he controlled 90% of the oil business. He became the world's richest man and first American billionaires, and was a robber baron. | 21 | |
| 1178789277 | Vertical integration | Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution | 22 | |
| 1178789278 | Horizontal integration | Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller | 23 | |
| 1178789279 | Standard Oil | Established in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation lead by Rockefeller | 24 | |
| 1178789280 | Bonanza farms | large farms that came to dominate agricultural life in much of the West in the late 1800s; instead of plots farmed by yeoman farmers, large amounts of machinery were used, and workers were hired laborers, often performing only specific tasks (similar to work in a factory). | 25 | |
| 1178789281 | Ghost Dance | Spiritual revival in 1890 by Indians that would lead to the massacre at Wounded Knee | 26 | |
| 1178789282 | Homestead Strike, 1892 | Henry Clay Frick, a manager of Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Steel plant, precipitated a strike in 1892 by cutting wages by nearly 20 percent. Frick used the weapons of the lockout, private guards, and strikebreakers to defeat the steelworkers' walkout after five months. The failure of the Homestead strike set back the union movement in the steel industry until the New Deal in the 1930s. | 27 | |
| 1178789283 | Pullman Strike, 1894 | Started by enraged workers who were part of George Pullman's "model town", it began when Pullman fired three workers on a committee. Pullman refused to negotiate and troops were brought in to ensure that trains would continue to run. Used mail cars as a ploy to involve national troops (stopping the mail is a federal crime). | 28 | |
| 1178789284 | Great Railroad Strike, 1877 | large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men | 29 | |
| 1178789285 | Wounded Knee, 1890 | A battle between the U.S. Army and the Dakota Sioux, in which several hundred Native Americans and 29 U.S. soldiers died. Tensions erupted violently over two major issues: the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Dance," which the U.S. government had outlawed, and the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act. | 30 | |
| 1178789286 | Reservation Policy | is an area of land managed by a Native American tribe under the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs. Tribes would agree to live in clearly defined zones - reservations; In exchange they'd provide guidance and protection. In actuality, officials hoarded supplies and Indians were, malnourished, demoralized, and desperate. | 31 | |
| 1178789287 | Plains Indians | Included people from many Indian nations including Cheyenne, Arapahos, Piutes, and Sioux. Came into great conflict with settlers because settlers did not respect the Indian land. | 32 | |
| 1178789288 | Battle of Little Bighorn | In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse (Sioux) defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died | 33 | |
| 1178789289 | Chief Joseph | Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations. Famous speech: "I Shall Fight No More." | 34 | |
| 1178789290 | Buffalo | Indians relied heavily on this animal for food and clothing, so white people killed them off in order to force Indians into reservations. | 35 | |
| 1178789291 | Dawes Severalty Act | Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes | 36 | |
| 1178789292 | Homestead Act | 1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration. | 37 | |
| 1178789293 | Helen Hunt Jackson | A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. government's many broken promises to the Native Americans, and their mistreatment of the Native Americans. | 38 | |
| 1178789294 | Frederick Jackson Turner | (1861 - 1932) He was an American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History, where he stated that the spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the country's westward expansion. According to Turner, the forging of the unique and rugged American identity occurred at the juncture between the civilization of settlement and the savagery of wilderness. | 39 | |
| 1178789295 | "Frontier Thesis" | Frederick Jackson Turner wrote a paper in 1893 that argued that American individualism and democracy were shaped by the frontier experience | 40 |
