Terms : Hide Images
| 11313938050 | ad hominem | Ex: Global warming is real, and your mom is a bad person. A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute. | 0 | |
| 11313943492 | ad populum (bandwagon appeal) | Ex: everyone is joining social media, so I should join too. This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do." | 1 | |
| 11313943493 | alliteration | Ex: Lilly loves lions. Repetition of initial consonant sounds | 2 | |
| 11313943494 | allusion | Ex: He is a real Romeo to the ladies. An expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference. | 3 | |
| 11313945053 | analogy | Ex: How a doctor diagnose diseases is like how detectives investigate crimes. A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way | 4 | |
| 11313945054 | anaphora | Ex: We shall fight for equality. We shall fight for women's rights. The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses | 5 | |
| 11313945055 | anecdote | Ex: This one time, I met a kid and he changed my life... A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person | 6 | |
| 11313945751 | annotation | Ex: Taking notes directly on the text (n.) a critical or explanatory note or comment, especially for a literary work | 7 | |
| 11313945752 | antimetabole | Ex: you like her, she likes you Repetition of words in reverse order | 8 | |
| 11313946554 | antithesis | Ex: Draw quickly, and you will fail to draw a masterpiece. The direct opposite, a sharp contrast in a parallel construction | 9 | |
| 11313949548 | appeal to false authority | Ex: According the a news report, a therapist diagnose 300 patients will cancer. This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. | 10 | |
| 11313949549 | archaic diction | Ex: "peradventures", you should listen to her because she's right. Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words | 11 | |
| 11313949550 | argument | Ex: Two people are arguing about global warming. A statement put forth and supported by evidence | 12 | |
| 11313950934 | Aristotelian triangle | Ex: This author is trying to persuade the father in law to help her family, because they are in debt. A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience |  | 13 |
| 11313950935 | assertion | Ex: A scientist is trying to assert his idea of creating the small cell on earth by showing demonstrations of his scientific research. A declaration or statement | 14 | |
| 11313950936 | assumption | Ex: She assumes that her boyfriend likes video games without proof. A belief or statement taken for granted without proof. | 15 | |
| 11313953434 | asyndeton | Ex: He was a terrible person, has no morals and does nothing to contribute to the community. Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words | 16 | |
| 11313954835 | audience | Ex: The audience empathized with the author through his personal anecdote. One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed. | 17 | |
| 11313957073 | backing | Ex: More than 100 million adults in the US are living with diabetes. This shows that adults need to change their lifestyle, in order to life a healthy life. Support or evidence for a claim in an argument |  | 18 |
| 11313957074 | bandwagon appeal | Ex: All scientists believe the evolution is true. A claim that a listener should accept an argument because of how many other people have already accepted it. | 19 | |
| 11313958482 | begging the question | Ex: Limited resources help students to be more creative and think outside of the box. A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. | 20 | |
| 11313958483 | circular reasoning | Ex: There is no way I got 1100 on the SAT, I always get 1400 on the SAT. A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence | 21 | |
| 11313958484 | claim | Ex: She claims that he doesn't support women's rights based on what he's been calling them. An assertion, usually supported by evidence | 22 | |
| 11313960190 | claim of fact | Ex: Global warming is a threat that needs to be tackled. A claim of fact asserts that something is true or not true. | 23 | |
| 11313960191 | claim of policy | Ex: Everyone should wear uniform to school, to prevent bullying. A claim of policy proposes a change. | 24 | |
| 11313960192 | claim of value | Ex: Cheating in sports is wrong. A claim of value argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong. | 25 | |
| 11313961010 | classical oration | five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. 1. introduction 2. narration 3. confirmation 4. refutation 5. conclusion | 26 | |
| 11313961529 | conclusion | Ex: In conclusion, the author effectively appeals to ethos because ... Brings the essay to a satisfying close. | 27 | |
| 11313963142 | closed thesis | Ex: Throughout the essay, the author makes his claim by defining the real meaning of these "derogatory terms", using examples to address anti- intellectualism, fighting for what should be accepted as the norm. a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make | 28 | |
| 11313963143 | complex sentence | Ex: When Daniel plays basketball, he puts 100% of his effort into the game. A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause | 29 | |
| 11313964538 | compound sentence | Ex: I need to get to work, but I am too lazy to get started. a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions | 30 | |
| 11313964539 | concession | Ex: It's true that wearing uniforms prevent students to get bullied; however, it takes away student's individuality. a thing that is granted, especially in response to demands; a thing conceded. | 31 | |
| 11313964540 | confirmation | In classical oration, this major part of an argument comes between the narration and refutation; it provides the development of proof through evidence that supports the claims made by the speaker. | 32 | |
| 11313968536 | introduction (exordium) | introduces the reader to the subject under discussion | 33 | |
| 11313968537 | narration (narratio) | Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing. | 34 | |
| 11313969255 | confirmation (confirmatio) | Usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writer's case. | 35 | |
| 11313969256 | refutation (refutatio) | Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion. | 36 | |
| 11313970430 | conclusion (peroratio) | brings the essay to a satisfying close | 37 | |
| 11313970431 | connotation | Ex: the author's tone carries a negative connotation to the subject based on the use of words such as "fat", "ugly", and "selfish". An idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning. | 38 | |
| 11313973644 | context | Ex: the context of Stacey's letter was to ask for help from her father-in-law. The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text. | 39 | |
| 11313974302 | counterargument | Ex: Some might argue that Cassie got kicked out of school because she got involved in drugs. A challenge to a position; an opposing argument | 40 | |
| 11313974303 | cumulative sentence | Ex: I dipped my hands in ice water -- my hands were numb. Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on | 41 | |
| 11313975563 | deduction | Deduction is a logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). The process of deduction is usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism. Major premise: Eating vegetables is good for you Minor premise: Lettuce is a type of vegetables Conclusion: Eating lettuce is good for you. | 42 | |
| 11313975564 | diction | A writer's or speaker's choice of words | 43 | |
| 11313976206 | either/ or (false dilemma) | Ex: Either you do what I say or I'll fire you. A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices. | 44 | |
| 11313976207 | enthymeme | Ex: You should take Psychology 101, I learned so much about our mind from that class. (Implied premise: If you take the class, you will learn a lot too.) Logical reasoning with one premise left unstated | 45 | |
| 11313976208 | equivocation | Ex: I am not a bully, I overreacted. the use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing oneself; prevarication | 46 | |
| 11313977173 | ethos | Ex: The author appeals to ethos because she establishes that she's a president of MUN. Greek for "character." Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. Ethos is established by both who you are and what you say. | 47 | |
| 11313977174 | exordium | In classical oration, the introduction to an argument, in which the speaker announces the subject and purpose, and appeals to ethos in order to establish credibility. | 48 | |
| 11313977175 | fallacy | Ex: If they have our dress code more strict, we will soon all have to wear uniform. logical fallacy: A logical fallacy is an error in the reasoning process, not in the veracity of the premises. Therefore, logical fallacies are not factual errors, nor are they opinions. | 49 | |
| 11313977176 | false dilemma | Ex: You either do your homework or you get detention. A fallacy of oversimplification that offers a limited number of options (usually two) when in fact more options are available. | 50 | |
| 11313977979 | faulty analogy | A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable. For instance, to argue that because we put animals who are in irreversible pain out of their misery, so we should do the same for people, asks the reader to ignore significant and profound differences between animals and people. | 51 | |
| 11313977980 | figurative language (figure of speech) | Language that is used to describe one thing in terms of something else; language that is not intended to be taken literally. | 52 | |
| 11313979171 | first-hand evidence | Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events. | 53 | |
| 11313979971 | hasty generalization | Ex: Smoking doesn't really kill you, my grandfather smokes a lot and he lived until he was 80. A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence. | 54 | |
| 11313979972 | hortative sentence | Ex: Let's figure what is the roots of the problem so we could change it. sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action | 55 | |
| 11313979973 | hyperbole | Ex: Math class is killing me. exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. | 56 | |
| 11313980447 | imagery | Ex: she looks as though she could be on a cover of a high-fashion magazine. Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) | 57 | |
| 11313980448 | imperative sentence | Ex: Please be quiet, I really need to study. sentence used to command or enjoin | 58 | |
| 11313980449 | induction | Ex: Eating vegetables improve your mood Eating vegetables helps you lose weight Eating vegetables is good for you. the process that moves from a given series of specifics to a generalization | 59 | |
| 11313981365 | inversion | Ex: Where in the world were you! inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order) | 60 | |
| 11313981366 | irony | Ex: A pilot scares of heights. the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. | 61 | |
| 11313981367 | juxtaposition | Ex: Education in the States encourage students to think outside of the box; however education in Vietnam encourage students to be disciplined. Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts | 62 | |
| 11313981374 | logical fallacies | Ex: Justin Bieber endorses a skincare brand; therefore, that skincare brand must be good. Logical fallacies are potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it. | 63 | |
| 11313982074 | logos | Ex: This picture appeals to logos because it uses data that supports the claim. an appeal based on logic or reason | 64 | |
| 11313982075 | metaphor | Ex: My life a rollercoaster. a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. | 65 | |
| 11313982076 | metonymy | Ex: lend me your ears. A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it | 66 | |
| 11313982093 | modifier | Ex: Sad and depressed, she becomes lively the next day. An adjective, adverb, phrase, or clause that modifies a noun, pronoun, or verb. The purpose of a modifier is usually to describe, focus, or qualify. | 67 | |
| 11313982742 | mood | Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader | 68 | |
| 11313982743 | narration | the telling of a story in fiction, nonfiction, poetry, or drama; one of the four modes of discourse | 69 | |
| 11313982744 | nominalization | Ex: describe becomes describing. the process of changing a verb into a noun | 70 | |
| 11313982745 | occasion | Ex: Stacey wrote the letter to her father-in-law when her family was in debt. the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written | 71 | |
| 11313983484 | open thesis | Ex: Politics have a lot of influence on social media. one that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay | 72 | |
| 11313983485 | oxymoron | Ex: It was a beautiful war. A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. | 73 | |
| 11313983486 | paradox | Ex: Freedom is slavery A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. | 74 | |
| 11313983487 | parallelism | Ex: She was a nice, beautiful, trust-worthy person. similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses | 75 | |
| 11313984343 | pathos | Ex: The author appeals to pathos because of her heart-warming story. emotional appeal | 76 | |
| 11313984344 | periodic sentence | Ex: Suddenly, for no apparent reason, they started a fight. sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end | 77 | |
| 11313984345 | peroration | In classical oration, the final part of an argument. It follows the refutation and typically appeals to pathos as it moves the audience toward the conclusion. | 78 | |
| 11313985740 | persona | Ex: the speaker shows that he is a vulnerable person, even though, he fights for a living. Greek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience. | 79 | |
| 11313985741 | personification | Ex: the bed comforts me when I am sad. A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes | 80 | |
| 11313985742 | polemic | Greek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. Polemics generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit. | 81 | |
| 11313986644 | polysyndeton | Ex: Go hunt her, find her and kill her. the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural. | 82 | |
| 11313986645 | post hoc ergo propter hoc | Ex: We elected president Trump and look at where it got us: corruptions. This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation. | 83 | |
| 11313987400 | propaganda | The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its nega- tive sense, propaganda is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause. | 84 | |
| 11313987401 | purpose | Ex: Stacey's purpose was to get her father-in-law to help her out of debt. the goal the speaker wants to achieve | 85 |
