Terms : Hide Images
| the widely shared, beliefs, values, and norms about how citizens relate to government and to one another | ||
| Democratic and civil habits of discussion, compromise and respect of differences, which grow out of participation, involuntary organizations | ||
| - the rights of all people to dignity and worth also called "human rights" | ||
| widespread agreement on fundamental principles of democratic governance and the values that undergird them | ||
| - Governance according to the expressed preferences of the Majority | ||
| A belief that ultimate power resides in the people | ||
| the widespread belief that the U.S. is a land of opportunity and that individual initiative and hard work can bring economic success | ||
| An economic system characterized by private property, Competitive markets, economic incentives and limited government, involvement in the production distribution, and pricing of goods and services | ||
| The right to vote | ||
| Domination of an industry by a single company that fixes prices and discourages competition; also the company that dominates the industry by these means | ||
| Federal laws (starting with the Sherman Act of 1890) that try to prevent a monopoly from dominating an industry and restraining trade | ||
| A consistent pattern of beliefs about political values and the role of Government | ||
| A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity | ||
| A belief that limited government ensures order, competitive markets, and personal opportunity | ||
| An economic and government system based on public ownership of the means of production and exchange | ||
| An ideology that cherishes individual liberty and insists on minimal government, promoting a free market economy, a noninter ventionist foreign policy and an absence of regulation in moral, economic, and social life | ||
| Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group | ||
| the process by which we develop our political attitudes, values, and beliefs. | ||
| the study of the characteristics of populations | ||
| A characteristic of individuals that is predictive of political behavior | ||
| Division within society that reinforce one another, making more homogeneous or similar. | ||
| Divisions within society that cut across demographic categories to produce groups that are more heterogeneous or different | ||
| A notion held by nineteenth century Americans that the U.S. was destined to rule the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific | ||
| A grouping of human beings with distinctive characteristics determined by genetic inheritance. | ||
| A social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race | ||
| The difference between the political opinions or political behavior of men and of women | ||
| Conservative Christians who as a group have become more active on politics in the last two decades and were especially influential in the 2000 presidential election | ||
| The total output of all economic activity in the nation, including goods, and services. | ||
| A division of population based on occupation, income, and education | ||
| A term the founders used to refer to political parties and special interest or interest group | ||
| A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group | ||
| A collection of people who share a common interest or attitude and seek to influence government for specific ends. Interest groups usually work within the framework of government and try to achieve their goals through tactics such as lobbying | ||
| A large body of people interested in a common issue, idea, or concern that is of continuing significance and is of continuing significance and who are willing to take action. Movements seek to change attitudes or institutions, not just policies | ||
| A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment | ||
| A company with a labor agreement under which union memberships can be a condition of employment | ||
| An individual who does not join a group representing his or her interest yet receives the benefit of the group's influence | ||
| A nonprofit association or group operating outside of government that advocates and pursues policy objectives | ||
| how groups form and organize to pursue their goals or objectives, including how to get individuals and groups to participate and cooperate. The term has many applications in the various social sciences such as political science, sociology, and economics. | ||
| synonymous with "collective action" it specifically studies how government officials, politicians, and voters respond to positive and negative incentives | ||
| An official document published every weekend which list the new and propose regulations of executive, departments and regulatory agencies | ||
| Literally, a "Friend of the court" brief, filled by an individual or organization o present arguments in addition to those presented by the immediate parties to a case | ||
| A person who is employed by and acts for on organized interest grop or corporation to try to influence policy decisions and positions in the executive and legislative branches | ||
| Engaging in activities aimed at influencing public officials, especially legislators, and the policies they enact | ||
| - Employment cycle in which individuals who work for governmental agencies that regulate interest eventually end up working for interest groups or businesses with the same policy concern | ||
| Relationships among interest groups congressional committees and subcommittees , and governmental agencies that share a common policy concern | ||
| The political aim of an interest group that is legally entitled to raise funds on a voluntary basis from members, stockholders, or employees to contribute funds to candidates or political parties | ||
| A PAC formed by an office holder that collects contribution from individual and other PACs and then makes contribution to other candidates and political parties. | ||
| A tactic in which PACs collect contributions from like-minded individuals (each limited to $ 2,000) and present them to a candidate or political party as a "Bundle" thus increasing the PACs influence | ||
| - Unlimited amounts of money that political parties previously could raise for party-building purposes. Now largely illegal except for limited contributions to state and local parties for voter registration and get-out-the-vote efforts | ||
| - something given with the expectation of receiving something in return | ||
| The Supreme Court has ruled that individuals, groups, and parties can spend unlimited amounts in campaigns for long as they operate independently from the candidates. When an individuals groups or party does so, they are making an independent expenditure | ||
| unlimited and undisclosed spending by an individual or group on communication that do not use words like "vote for" or "Vote against" although much of this activity is actually about electing or defeating candidates | ||
| A political group organized under section 527 of the IRS code that many accept and spend unlimited amounts of money an election activities so long as they are not spend on broadcast Ads run in the last 30 days before a primary or 60 days before a general election in which a clearly identified candidate is referred to and a relevant electorate is targeted. | ||
| An organization that seeks political power by electing people of office so that its positions and philosophy become public policy | ||
| A local or judicial election in which candidates are not selected or endorsed by political parties and party affiliation is not listed on ballots | ||
| The dispensing of government jobs to persons who belong to the winning political party | ||
| Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed. Raising such limited funds, hence the term "Hard Money" | ||
| Period at the beginning of a new president's term during which the president enjoys generally positive relations with the press and congress, usuall lasting about six months. | ||
| A meeting of local party member to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform | ||
| A meeting of party delegates to vote on matters of policy and in some cases to select party candidates for public office | ||
| Election in which voters choose party nominees | ||
| Primary election in which any voter, regardless of party, may vote | ||
| voting by member of one party for a candidate of another party | ||
| Primary election in which only person registered in the party holding the primary may vote | ||
| An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote | ||
| - An election system in which the candidate with the most votes wins | ||
| A small political party that rises and falls with a charismatic candidates or if composed of ideologies on the right or left, usually persists over time; also called the third party | ||
| A minor party that believes in extremely limited government. Libertarians call for a free market system, expanded individual liberties such as drug legalization, and a foreign policy of nonintervention, free trade, and open immigration | ||
| A minor party dedicated to the environment, social justice, nonviolence, and a foreign policy of nonintervention Ralph Nader ran as the green party's nominee in 2000. | ||
| A minor party by Ross Perot in 1995. It focuses on national government reform, fiscal responsibility, and political accountability. It has recently struggled with internal strife and criticism that it lacks an identity. | ||
| An election during periods of expanded suffrage and change in the economy and society that proves to be a turning point, redefining the agenda of politics and the alignment of politics and the alignment of voters with in parties | ||
| Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property | ||
| Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that during business slumps and be curbed during booms | ||
| governance divided between the parties as when one holds the presidency and the other controls one or both houses of congress | ||
| A nation meeting of delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every four years to nominate candidates for president and vice president, ratify the party platform, elect officers and adopt rules | ||
| The act of declaring party affiliation; required by some states when one registers vote | ||
| An informal and subjective affiliation with a political party that most people acquire in childhood | ||
| weakening of partisan preferences that point to a rejection of both major parties and a rise in the number of independent | ||
| the distribution of individual preferences for or evaluation of a given issue, candidate, or institution within a specific population | ||
| in this type of sample, every individual has a known and randon chance of being selected | ||
| A widely shared and consciously held view like support for homeland security. | ||
| the process most notably in families and schools- by which develop our political attitudes | ||
| Those citizens who follow public affairs carefully | ||
| Election in which voters elect office holders | ||
| Election in which voters determine party nominees | ||
| Election held in years when the president is on the ballot | ||
| System designed to reduce voter fraud by limiting voting to those who have established eligibility to vote by submitting the proper documents | ||
| A secret ballot printed by the state | ||
| Elections held midway between presidential election | ||
| The proportion of the voting-age public that votes, Sometimes defined as the number of registered voters that vote | ||
| an informal and Subjective afflation with a political party that most people acquire in childhoods | ||
| how voters feels about a candidate's back ground, personality, leadership ability, and other personal qualities | ||
| voting based on what a candidate pledge to do in the future about an issue if elected | ||
| holding incumbent, usually the presidents on issues, such as the economy or foreign policy | ||
| An electoral district in which voters choose one representative or official | ||
| An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote | ||
| The electoral system used in electing the president and vice president, in which voters vote for electors pledges to cast their ballots for a particular party's candidates. | ||
| An elected office that is predictably won by one party or the other, so the success of that party's candidate is almost taken for granted | ||
| The boost that candidates may get in an election because of the popularity of candidates above them on the ballot, especially the president | ||
| The tendency in election to focus an the personal attributes of a candidates, such as his/her strengths weaknesses, background, experience, and visibility | ||
| the inclination to focus on national issues, rather than local issues, in an election campaign. The impact of a national tide can be reduced by the nature of the candidates on the ballot who might have differentiated themselves from their party or its leader if the tide is negative, as well as competition in the election | ||
| Incumbents have an advantage over challengers in election campaigns because voters are more familiar with them, and incumbents are more recognizable | ||
| Financial contribution by individuals or groups in the hope of influencing the outcome of an election and subsequently influencing policy | ||
| A commission created by the 1974 Amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act to administer election reform laws. It consisters of six commissioners appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. Its duties include overseeing disclosure of campaign finance information and public funding of presidential elections, and enforcing contribution limits | ||
| largely banned party soft money, restored long-standing prohibition on corporations and labor unions for using general treasury funds for electoral purposes, and narrowed the definition of issue advocacy | ||
| means of communication that reach the public, including newspaper and magazines, radio, television films, recording, books, and electronic communication | ||
| Media that emphasize the news | ||
| the process by which individuals scream out messages thtat do not conform to their own biases | ||
| The process by which individual perceive what they want to in media messages | ||
| A closed contest; by extension, any contest in which the focus is on who is ahead and by how much rather than on substantive difference between the candidates |
