American Government Mollaun
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| Abolished slavery in the United States; direct result of the Civil War | ||
| Defines citizenship, ensures equal protection, due process | ||
| A person cannot be denied a vote because of race, color, or previous enslavement | ||
| Popular election of U.S. Senators | ||
| Prohibition of alcohol | ||
| Women's suffrage | ||
| Repeal of the prohibition of alcohol | ||
| Ban of tax payment as voter qualification | ||
| Voting age of 18 | ||
| Defines Congressional pay | ||
| A policy that requires most employers take positive steps to remedy the effects of past discriminations. | ||
| The authority of a court to review decisions of inferior (lower) courts | ||
| The President nominates a competent candidate and submits his choice to the Senate; The nomination goes to the appropriate Senate committee; the nominee testifies before the committee and other experts testify for and against the nominee; The full Senate considers the nomination; Majority vote needed for confirmation | ||
| A legislative act that inflicts punishment without a court trial | ||
| Linda Brown (black) had to walk a mile to school because the schools were segregated where she lived. So her father along with the NAACP argued that segregation among schools was against the constitution. Brown won. No longer segregation among schools. A giant step towards equality. | ||
| A large, complex administrative structure that handles the everyday business of an organization | ||
| Prohibits discrimination in access to or service in hotels, motels, theaters, restaurants, and in other public accommodations on grounds of race, color, religion, or national origin. | ||
| Challenged the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which stated that all Americans, regardless of race, have same access to public facilities; Supreme Court ruled Act unconstitutional | ||
| Procedure that may be used to limit or end floor debate; A vote to invoke the rule muse be taken two days after a petition calling for that action has been submitted by at least 16 members of the Senate. 60 Senators (3/5) have to vote for the motion for it to become effective. | ||
| Speech done on behalf of a company or individual for the intent of making a profit. It is economic in nature and usually has the intent of convincing the audience to partake in a particular action, often purchasing a specific product; cannot be false or misleading; less protection under the 1st Amendment than other forms of speech | ||
| Temporary joint committee created to reconcile any differences between the two houses' versions of a bill. | ||
| Occur on Tuesday following the first Monday in November of each even-numbered year. The 435 members of the House are chosen by the voters in 435 separate congressional districts. Districts must be contiguous, equal in population, and compact. | ||
| High court that deals primarily with constitutional law. Its main authority is to rule on whether or not laws that are challenged are in fact unconstitutional, i.e. whether or not they conflict with constitutionally established rights and freedoms | ||
| A policy based in the belief that if communism could be kept within its existing boundaries, it would collapse under the weight of its internal weaknesses. | ||
| Forbidden by the 8th Amendment; includes barbaric tortures and denying a prison inmate medical care. | ||
| Segregation even if no law requires it, e.g., housing patterns. | ||
| Segregation by law, with legal sanction. | ||
| A relaxation of tensions | ||
| Written explanation of the views of one or more judges who disagree with a decision reached by the majority of the court. | ||
| Part of the 5th Amendment which says that no person can be put in jeopardy of life or limb twice. Once a person has been tried for a crime, he or she cannot be tried again for the same time. | ||
| Part of the 14th Amendment which guarantees that no State deny basic rights to its people. | ||
| College required by the Constitution; act as "rubber stamps;" expected to vote automatically for their party's presidential and vice presidential candidates | ||
| Possible to win the popular vote in presidential election, but lose electoral college vote; Nothing in Constitution, nor in any federal statute, requires electors to vote for candidate favored by the popular vote in their State; If no candidate gains a majority in electoral college, election is thrown into the House where each State is given one vote. | ||
| New York State School Board provided a prayer that was optional and voluntary. New Hyde Park Schools sued them. Supreme Court ruled 6:1, saying that the prayer was unconstitutional. State governments cannot offer students a prayer because it violated the Establishment Clause, which guarantees separation of Church and State. | ||
| Separates church and state | ||
| A law applied to an act committed before its passage | ||
| Evidence gained as the result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized. | ||
| An organization of several agencies staffed by the President's closest advisors. | ||
| Those delegated powers of he National Government that are spelled out in the Constitution; also called the "enumerated powers" | ||
| A right given to people by Article 10 of the 6th Amendment | ||
| Various tactics (usually long speeches) aimed at defeating a bill in a legislative body by preventing a final vote; associated with the U.S. Senate | ||
| A group of policies made up of all the stands and actions that a nation takes in every aspect of its relationships with other countries; everything a nation's government says and does in world affairs | ||
| The second part of the constitutional guarantee of religious freedom, which guarantees to each person the right to believe whatever he or she chooses to believe in matters of religion. | ||
| The drawing of electoral district lines to the advantage of a part or group | ||
| Clarence was charged with breaking into the Bay Harbor Pool Room. The judge in his case refused to grant him the right to a lawyer (he couldn't afford one) because it was not a capital crime. His 6th Amendment right to a lawyer was violated. Supreme Court ruled that even in State Courts, every defendant has the right to a lawyer and a fair trial. | ||
| Benjamin was a member of the Communist Labor Party; distributed pamphlets urging the overthrow of the government, Communist revolution. Supreme Court ruled 7:2 that conviction was constitutional because his actions constituted a clear and present danger. But 14th Amendment due process clause could be used to apply the 1st Amendment (free speech/press) to State, not just Federal, governments. | ||
| The formal device by which a person can be accused of a serious crime. | ||
| Due to: complex social and economic life; use of technology; the fact that Congress often is just too slow to respond to fast-changing events | ||
| Cathy wrote articles for the school newspaper, principal Robert Reynolds didn't think they were appropriate (about teen pregnancy, divorce); Supreme Court ruled 5:3 that student's 1st Amendment rights were not violated because school doesn't have to tolerate student speech that is inconsistent with their mission. | ||
| Owner of a motel sued because he believed that Title II, which forbade discrimination in public places, surpassed Congress' commerce clause powers by taking away a motel's right to select customers. Supreme Court ruled 9:0 that Congress had power to enact prohibitions on discrimination. | ||
| Decides under what conditions the House will choose a bill; can speed up or slow down the process, or can toss the bill | ||
| Introduced by a member of Congress; Printed, distributed, and sent to appropriate committees; Sent to subcommittee or killed by committee chair; Discussed and revised, sent back to full committee, which votes; After hearing and mark-up sessions, reports a bill to the opposite house of Congress; If opposite house changes are minor, accepted; if changes are major, conference committee is appointed; Bill in final form goes to President | ||
| Those delegated powers of the National Government that are suggested by the expressed powers set out in the Constitution; those "necessary and proper" to carry out the expressed powers | ||
| A formal complaint before a grand jury which charges the accused of one or more crimes | ||
| Advocates a greater economic and political cooperation among nations for the theoretical benefit of all (opposite of isolationism) | ||
| A purposeful refusal to become generally involved in the affairs of the rest of the world. | ||
| The power of a court to determine the constitutionality of a governmental action. | ||
| Fred was among the Japanese Americans forced to move to a relocation camp during WWII under command issued by FDR. Refused to go because it violated Equal Protection Clause of 14th Amendment. Supreme Court ruled 6:3 that need to protect against espionage outweighed his rights. | ||
| Mildred Jeter (black) and Richard (white) lived in Virginia, where interracial marriages were illegal. They went to DC to get married and returned to Virginia, where they were charged for violating Virginia's law. Supreme Court ruled 9:0 that Virginia's law against interracial marriage was unconstitutional; violated 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause | ||
| Most important officers in Congress; very largely controls the order of business on the floor of his chamber (Speaker of the House, Vice President/President Pro Tempore) | ||
| Officially called the Opinion of the Court; announces the Court's decision in a case and sets our the reasoning upon which it is based. | ||
| Dollree's house was searched without a warrant. Police found illegal pornographic material and used the evidence to convict her. 4th Amendment protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures (only applied to federal governments). Supreme Court ruled 6:3 to overturn her conviction, saying that you can't violate 4th Amendment in State courts | ||
| Ernesto was a high school drop out that raped and kidnapped a girl. He confessed to the police before he had full knowledge of his legal rights. Said that the police violated his 5th and 6th Amendment rights. Supreme Court ruled that a person in custody cannot be forced to speak under antagonistic forces and must hear their rights before they confess. Police now issue a warning named after this case when they arrest people. | ||
| Part of executive office of the President; Advises the President on all domestic, foreign, and military matters that relate to the nation's security | ||
| Teacher discovered a 14 year old girl and friend smoking in the bathroom; sent to VP who searched her bag and found cigarettes and marijuana. Court ruled 6:3 that the VP didn't violate 4th Amendment (search and seizure); Educators have to right to create an environment where learning can take place. | ||
| House decides President if electoral college cannot; Senate decides VP if electoral college cannot; Impeachment (House brings charges, Senate trial); Presidential appointments approved by Senate; President consults Senate when making treaties. | ||
| Part of executive office of the President; Prepares of the federal budget, Monitors the spending of the funds Congress appropriates, Keeps president up to date on the work of all its agencies, Helps prepare executive orders and vetoes | ||
| The power of a court to hear a case first, before any other court | ||
| President | ||
| Vice President/President of the Senate | ||
| Chef Justice | ||
| Speaker of the House | ||
| Majority Leader in the House | ||
| Minority Leader in the House | ||
| Majority Leader in the Senate | ||
| Minority Leader in the Senate | ||
| President Pro Tempore of Senate | ||
| Ohio Senator (Democrat) | ||
| Ohio Senator (Republican) | ||
| Ohio Representative (District 1) | ||
| Ohio Representative (District 2) | ||
| Case that challenged a Louisiana law that said blacks and whites must be in separate rail cars. Homer was 1/8 black and refused to leave white rail car. Supreme Court ruled 8:1 that facilities could be separate as long as they were equal. | ||
| The authority of each State to act to protect and promote the public health, safety, morals, and general welfare of its people. | ||
| Ordinance Power, Appointment Power, Removal Power, Power to make Treaties/Executive Agreements, Power of Recognition, Commander in Chief, Legislative Powers (Vetoes), Judicial Powers (Pardons) | ||
| The member of the United States Senate, or of the upper house of a State's legislature, chosen to preside in the absence of the president of the Senate | ||
| Presidential advisory body, traditionally made up of the heads of the executive departments and other officers | ||
| President informs Congress that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties to his office; the Vice President and a majority of the members of the Cabinet inform Congress, in writing, that the President is so incapacitated. | ||
| Chief executive's power to reject a bill passed by a legislature; literally "I forbid" | ||
| The government cannot curb ideas before they are expressed | ||
| The government must employ fair procedures and methods | ||
| Must be a natural born citizen of the United States; Must be at least 35 years of age; Must have lived in the United States for 14 years | ||
| Must be at least 25 years of age; Must have been a citizen of the United States for at least seven years; Must be an inhabitant of the State from which he or she is elected | ||
| At least 30 years of age; Must have been a citizen of the United States for at least nine years; Must be an inhabitant of the State from which he or she is elected. | ||
| Tests whether a governmental action is a reasonable means to an end that may be legitimately pursued by the government | ||
| Alan applied to the University of California Medical School at Davis. He was denied because the school was saving spots for minorities, even though he had higher marks. He believed this violated 14th Amendment, which banned racial discrimination. Supreme Court ruled 5:4 in favor of Allan. Universities were allowed to consider race as a factor, so long as they did not use strict racial quotas. | ||
| Discrimination against the majority group | ||
| A right protected by the 4th Amendment | ||
| Norma McCorvey (Jane) was walking home from her job at a carnival and was raped; she became pregnant and homeless and broke, she wanted an abortion. It was illegal in Texas so she sued. Supreme Court agreed with her and abortion is now legal in all States. | ||
| Charles was leader of the Socialist Part of America, urged people to peacefully protest the WWI draft. He was charged with conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act of 1917. Supreme Court ruled 9:0 that his conviction was constitutional because one cannot say anything that may hinder those who are fighting. | ||
| The advocating, or urging, of an attemptto overthrow the government by force, or to disrupt its lawful activities with violence | ||
| Legislative committees created for a limited time and for some specific purpose; also known as special committees. | ||
| Having supreme power within one's own territory; neither subordinate nor responsible to any other authority. | ||
| Created by Article 1; 6 total; The US Court of Federal Claims,territorial courts, Courts of the District of Columbia, US tax courts, US Court of Appeals for Armed Forces, US Court of Appeals for Veterans Charges | ||
| Permanent committees in a legislative body to which bills in a specified subject-matter area are referred | ||
| The government must create fair policies and laws. | ||
| Judges are appointed for life; can only be removed through impeachment. | ||
| Foreign-born resident, or noncitizen | ||
| An international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace; formed by the League of Nations; US is not a part of it. | ||
| The Virginia Military Institute did not even consider or review a high school female's application. Supreme Court ruled 7:1 that this was a violation of 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause and the school's plan failed to create an equal female institution. | ||
| A court order which prevents unjust arrests and imprisonments | ||
| A slave was bought by John Emerson in Missouri. Emerson moved to Illinois (free State), then Wisconsin (free territory). When Emerson died, his brother-in-law hired the slave and his wife, Harriet, out to an army captain. Slave claimed he was free because of his residence in free territories. Supreme Court ruled 7:2 to that being a slave, he couldn't even sue and that when people move, they cannot have their property (slaves) taken away. |
