Alien and Sedition Acts
Democratic Party
Duverger's Law
Federalist Party
Jefferson Democratic-Republicans
Libertarian Party
Mult-Party System
National Republicans
One-Party System
Parliamentary System
Party in the Electorate
Part in Government
Party Organization
Party Professionals
Political Machine
Political Patronage
Political Party
Policy-Motivated Activists
Presidential System
Progressives
Republican Party
Role Theory
Straight Ticket Voters
Two-Party System
Whigs
Electronic Media
Federal Communications Act
Gatekeeper
Hard News
Mass Media
Media Bias
Misinformation
New Media
News
Objective Journalism
Political Bias
Print Media
Propaganda Model
Prior Restraint
Reno v ACLU
Soft News
Strategic Framing
Agents of Socialization
Biased Sample
Confidence Level
Delegate Model of Representation
Direction
Hyperdemocracy
Ideology
Instrumentation
Intensity
Margin of Error
Political Cultural
Political Socialization
Public Opinion
Push Poll
Random Sample
Salience
Stability
Straw Polls
Trustee System of Democracy
270
12th Amendment to the US Constitution
17th Amendment to the US Constitution
Baker v Carr
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
Citizens United v Federal Election Committee
Closed Primaries
Direct Popular Election Plan
Direct Primary
District Plan
Electoral College
General Election
Gerrymandering
Invisible Primary
Malapportioned
Multi-Member Districts
Open Primaries
Packing and Crackling
Party Platform
Proportional Plan
Reapportionment
Redistricting
Reynolds v Sims
Shaw v Reno
Single Member Districts
Swing States
Wesberry v Sanders
Terms : Hide Images
| 1580752148 | Alien and Sedition Acts | In 1798, Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, which in part made publishing any false, scandalous, and malicious writing a crime. This law was mainly used as a legal tool by the Federalist Party to intimidate and silence critical newspaper editors. Opposition to the law was widespread, and after the Federalists were swept from office in the election of 1800, the law was repealed, those convicted of breaking the law were pardoned, and fines were repaid with interest. | 0 | |
| 1580752149 | Democratic Party | Andrew Jackson decided to create this new party after becoming angry with the Democratic-Republicans during the election of 1824. | 1 | |
| 1580752150 | Duverger's Law | The tendency for the single-member-district-plurality system to favor a two-party system as documented by French sociologist Maurice Duverger. | 2 | |
| 1580752151 | Federalist Party | The group of people who supported the adoption of the Constitution and favored a stronger national government. | 3 | |
| 1580752152 | Jefferson Democratic-Republicans | The Democratic-Republican Party or Republican Party was an American political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Political scientists use the former name, while historians prefer the latter one; contemporaries generally called the party the "Republicans", along with many other names. It was formed first in Congress and then in every state to contest elections and oppose the programs of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to counteract the Federalists, a nationwide party recently formed by Hamilton. | 4 | |
| 1580752153 | Libertarian Party | The Libertarian Party is America's third largest political party, founded in 1971. Our vision is for a world in which all individuals can freely exercise the natural right of sole dominion over their own lives, liberty and property by building a political party that elects Libertarians to public office, and moving public policy in a libertarian direction. | 5 | |
| 1580752154 | Mult-Party System | A political system in which three or more political parties effectively compete for political off ice, and no one party can win control of all. | 6 | |
| 1580752155 | National Republicans | National Republican Party, U.S. political party formed after what had been the Republican (or Jeffersonian Republican) party split in 1825. The Jeffersonian Republicans had been the only national political party following the demise of the Federalists during the War of 1812. During the contested election of 1824, followers of Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams began calling themselves National Republicans, while backers of Andrew Jackson emerged as Democratic Republicans. | 7 | |
| 1580752156 | One-Party System | A political system in which representatives of one political party hold all or almost all of the major offices in government. | 8 | |
| 1580752157 | Parliamentary System | An electoral system in which the party holding the majority of seats in the legislature selects the chief executive. | 9 | |
| 1580752158 | Party in the Electorate | The component of a political party that is made up of the people in the public who identify with a political party. | 10 | |
| 1580752159 | Party in Government | The component of a political party that is made up of elected and appointed government officeholders who belong to a political party. | 11 | |
| 1580752160 | Party Organization | The component of a political party that is composed of the party professionals who hold official positions in the party. | 12 | |
| 1580752161 | Party Professionals | Party activists whose incentives for participating in party activities are primarily material and social in nature. | 13 | |
| 1580752162 | Political Machine | A political organization characterized by a reciprocal relationship between voters and officeholders. Political support is given in exchange for government jobs and services. Headed by a "party boss," political machines and party bosses maintain their power and control over government offices with techniques such as control over nominations, patronage, graft and bribery, vote buying, and rigging elections. | 14 | |
| 1580752163 | Political Patronage | The giving of government jobs to people based on their party affiliation and loyalty. | 15 | |
| 1580752164 | Political Party | An organization that nominates and runs candidates for public office under its own label. | 16 | |
| 1580752165 | Policy-Motivated Activists | Party activists whose incentives for participating in party activities are primarily purposive and social. | 17 | |
| 1580752166 | Presidential System | A political system in which the chief executive and the legislature are elected independently. | 18 | |
| 1580752167 | Progressives | The progressives were probably the most successful third-party movement of the 20th century. The genesis for the Progressive movement came from the liberal wing of the Republican Party, and the group is best known for attacks on abuses of both economic and political power. The 2nd Progressive movement focused on the farmer and echoed the earlier Populist movement. Theodore Roosevelt (1912) and Robert La Follette (1924) ran for president under the Progressive label with some success. | 19 | |
| 1580752168 | Republican Party | Republican Party The Republican Party was founded in 1854 by a group of renegade Democrats, Whigs, and political independents who opposed the expansion of Slavery into new U.S. territories and states. What began as a single-issue, independent party became a major political force in the United States. Six years after the new party was formed, Republican nominee Abraham Lincoln won the U.S. presidential election. The Republican Party and its counterpart, the Democratic Party, became the mainstays of the nation's de facto two-party system. | 20 | |
| 1580752169 | Role Theory | A behavioral model of politics based on the assumption that human beings have a psychological need for predictability in their relations with each other. | 21 | |
| 1580752170 | Straight Ticket Voters | Voting for the same party's candidates for president and Congress. | 22 | |
| 1580752171 | Two-Party System | A political system in which only two political parties have a realistic chance of controlling the major offices of government. | 23 | |
| 1580752172 | Whigs | Established in 1834, the Whig Party was a reaction to the authoritarian policies of Andrew Jackson. "King Andrew," as his critics labeled him, had enraged his political opponents by his actions regarding the Bank of the United States, Native Americans, the Supreme Court and his use of presidential war powers. The term Whig was taken from English politics, the name of a faction that opposed royal tyranny. | 24 | |
| 1580752173 | Electronic Media | Consists of television, radio, movies, video and audio recordings, and the Internet. | 25 | |
| 1580752174 | Federal Communications Act | In 1934 the government began regulating the broadcast frequencies so that stations could not broadcast on the same frequencies and drown each other out. In the name of the public interest, the Communications Act regulated the nation's airwaves, required broadcast licenses, and established a set of performance standards as prerequisites for obtaining or maintaining a license. | 26 | |
| 1580752175 | Gatekeeper | A person or institution that controls access to something. | 27 | |
| 1580752176 | Hard News | Stories that focus on factual information about important decisions or events. | 28 | |
| 1580752177 | Mass Media | All the means used to transmit information to masses of people. | 29 | |
| 1580752178 | Media Bias | The tendency to present an unbalanced perspective so that information is conveyed in a way that consistently favors one set of interests over another. | 30 | |
| 1580752179 | Misinformation | The belief that incorrect information is true. | 31 | |
| 1580752180 | News Media | Organizations and journalists that cover the news. | 32 | |
| 1580752181 | News | Accounts of timely and specific events. | 33 | |
| 1580752182 | Objective Journalism | An approach to journalism that places emphasis on reporting facts rather than analysis or a partisan point of view. | 34 | |
| 1580752183 | Political Bias | The tendency to favor a political party or ideological point of view. | 35 | |
| 1580752184 | Print Media | Consists of newspapers, magazines, and books. | 36 | |
| 1580752185 | Propaganda Model | The idea that mainstream media is biased toward corporate and conservative interests because most mainstream media are corporately owned. | 37 | |
| 1580752186 | Prior Restraint | To prohibit or censor a news story prior to publication or broadcast. | 38 | |
| 1580752187 | Reno v ACLU | Brief Fact Summary. Two provisions of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (CDA) that criminalized providing obscene materials to minors by on the internet were held unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States (Supreme Court). | 39 | |
| 1580752188 | Soft News | Stories characterized by opinion, human interest, and often entertainment value. | 40 | |
| 1580752189 | Strategic Framing | Giving prominence in media stories to who is gaining or losing on an issue. | 41 | |
| 1580752190 | Agents of Socialization | An agent of socialization is something that affects you as an individual, and thus the society as a whole. There are many agents of socialization, BUT what are the most important in society, with the most profound impact? The family, The mass media, Peer groups, and School. The family: This is part of the primary (early years) socialization and arguably, is the MOST important one. School, is the second agent. In school we're treated as a group rather than individuals, We learn many things there from the Formal curriculum (math, English) and HIDDEN curriculum (norms, values, how to act, talk to people etc.) Peer groups, these are groups of people around the same age as you, and in the same status. Adults AND children have peer groups Mass media, this is in the form of newspapers, magazines, TV, internet etc. We're in contact with it, ALL,THE,TIME, it is so hard to escape the influence of the mass media. 96.8% of American families have at least one TV set. And we are introduced to it in early ages, in the form of cartoons etc. | 42 | |
| 1580752191 | Biased Sample | A group of poll respondents that does not accurately represent the target population and provides inaccurate estimates of the true opinions and attitudes of the target population. | 43 | |
| 1580752192 | Confidence Level | The chance measured in percent, that the results of a survey will fall within the boundaries set by the margin of error. | 44 | |
| 1580752193 | Delegate Model of Representation | The idea that the job of elected leaders is to make decisions solely based on the views of the majority of the people. | 45 | |
| 1580752194 | Direction | The idea of public opinion being either positive or negative (favorable or unfavorable) on an issue. | 46 | |
| 1580752195 | Hyperdemocracy | The idea that policymakers have become so sensitive to public opinion that they are subservient to any brief shift in opinion. | 47 | |
| 1580752196 | Ideology | A consistent set of values, attitudes, and beliefs about the appropriate role of government in society. | 48 | |
| 1580752197 | Instrumentation | The process of designing survey questionnaires. | 49 | |
| 1580752198 | Intensity | How strongly people hold the beliefs or attitudes that comprise public opinion. | 50 | |
| 1580752199 | Margin of Error | The amount that sample responses are likely to differ from those of the population within very tight boundaries that are known as the confidence level. | 51 | |
| 1580752200 | Political Cultural | A set of shared beliefs that includes a broad agreement about basic political values, the legitimacy of political institutions, and general acceptance of the process government uses to make policy. | 52 | |
| 1580752201 | Political Socialization | The process through which a younger generation learns political values from a previous generations. | 53 | |
| 1580752202 | Public Opinion | The sum of individual attitudes or beliefs about an issue or question. | 54 | |
| 1580752203 | Push Poll | A type of public opinion poll that intentionally uses leading or biased questions in order to manipulate the responses. | 55 | |
| 1580752204 | Random Sample | A method of selecting a sample (subset of the population) in which every person in the target population has an equal chance of being selected. | 56 | |
| 1580752205 | Salience | The prominence or visibility of an issue or question and how important the issue is to the public. | 57 | |
| 1580752206 | Stability | The likelihood of changes in the direction of public opinion. | 58 | |
| 1580752207 | Straw Polls | Unscientific polls based on nonrandom samples. | 59 | |
| 1580752208 | Trustee System of Democracy | The idea that the job of elected leaders is to make decisions based on their own expertise and judgment, and not just make decisions based on the wishes and preferences of constituents. | 60 | |
| 1580752209 | 270 | The candidate who receives a majority of electoral votes (270) wins the Presidency. The number 538 is the sum of the nation's 435 Representatives, 100 Senators, and 3 electors given to the District of Columbia. | 61 | |
| 1580752210 | 12th Amendment to the US Constitution | ... | 62 | |
| 1580752211 | 17th Amendment to the US Constitution | The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislatures. When vacancies happen in the representation of any state in the Senate, the executive authority of such state shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, that the legislature of any state may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. | 63 | |
| 1580752212 | Baker v Carr | The 1962 case in which the Supreme Court overturned the political question doctrine, holding that legislative apportionment was a justiciable issue that the courts had jurisdiction to hear and decide. | 64 | |
| 1580752213 | Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act | A law that limits hard money contributions during each election cycle to $2,000.00 from individuals and $5,000.00 from PACs. | 65 | |
| 1580752214 | Citizens United v Federal Election Committee | A 2010 Supreme Court case holding that t provision of the McCain-Feingold Act prohibiting corporations and unions from broadcasting "electioneering communications" within 60 days of a general election is an unconstitutional limitation on the First Amendment guarantee of free speech. It also held that corporations and labor unions can spend unlimited amounts of money in campaigns. | 66 | |
| 1580752215 | Closed Primaries | Elections to choose a party's nominees for the general election that are open only to party members. | 67 | |
| 1580752216 | Direct Popular Election Plan | A proposal to abolish the electoral college and elect the president directly by national popular vote. | 68 | |
| 1580752217 | Direct Primary | The selection of a political party's candidate for the general election by vote of ordinary citizens. | 69 | |
| 1580752218 | District Plan | A plan to revise the electoral college that would distribute a state's electoral college votes by giving one vote to the candidate who wins a plurality in each House district and two votes to the winner statewide. | 70 | |
| 1580752219 | Electoral College | The institution (whose members are selected by whatever means the state legislature chooses) that is responsible for selecting the president of the United States. | 71 | |
| 1580752220 | General Election | The process by which voters choose their representatives from among the parties' nominees. | 72 | |
| 1580752221 | Gerrymandering | The drawing of district lines in such a way as to help or hinder the electoral prospects of a specific political interest. | 73 | |
| 1580752222 | Invisible Primary | The period of time between the election of one president and the first contest to nominate candidates to run in the general election to select the next president. | 74 | |
| 1580752223 | Malapportioned | A situation in which the distribution of legislative seats does not accurately reflect the distribution of the population. | 75 | |
| 1580752224 | Multi-Member Districts | A method of selecting representatives in which more than one person is chosen to represent a single constituency. | 76 | |
| 1580752225 | Open Primaries | Elections to select a party's candidate for the general election that are open to independents and, in some cases, to member of other parties. | 77 | |
| 1580752226 | Packing and Cracking | The essence of a partisan gerrymander is manipulating district lines around a set of voters that will elect your party's candidate. The two principle tactics used in gerrymandering are "cracking" and "packing." Cracking Spreading like-minded voters apart across multiple districts to dilute their voting power in each. This denies the group representation in multiple districts. Packing Concentrating like-minded voters together in one district to reduce their voting power in other districts. This gives the group representation in a single district while denying them representation across districts. In both of these tactics mapmakers typically draw peculiarly shaped districts to capture the desired results. | 78 | |
| 1580752227 | Party Platform | A political party's statement of its goals and policies for the next four years. The platform is drafted prior to the party convention by a committee whose members are chosen in rough proportion to each candidate's strength. It is the best formal statement of a party's beliefs. | 79 | |
| 1580752228 | Proportional Plan | A plan to revise the electoral college such that the number of electoral college votes given to candidates would be based on the proportion of the popular vote they obtained. | 80 | |
| 1580752229 | Reapportionment | The process of adjusting the number of House seats among the states based on population shifts. | 81 | |
| 1580752230 | Redistricting | The process of redrawing congressional district lines after reapportionment. | 82 | |
| 1580752231 | Reynolds v Sims | In Reynolds v. Sims, the Court held that state legislative districts must be equal in population. Prior to the decision, urbanization had caused many rural districts to be overrepresented in several states. One Person - One Vote | 83 | |
| 1580752232 | Shaw v Reno | The Supreme Court held that race may not be the sole criterion used in drawing congressional districts. | 84 | |
| 1580752233 | Single Member Districts | A method of selecting representatives in which the people in a district select a single representative. | 85 | |
| 1580752234 | Swing States | States in which the outcome of a presidential race is unclear, and both candidates have realistic chances of winning. | 86 | |
| 1580752235 | Wesberry v Sanders | The 1964 case in which the Supreme Court invalidated unequal congressional districts, saying that all legislative districts must contain about equal numbers of people. The ruling is popularly known as the principle of one person, one vote. | 87 |
