Terms : Hide Images
| 9555318009 | Biosphere | the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet's ecosystems | 0 | |
| 9555318010 | Ecology | the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment |  | 1 |
| 9555318011 | Global economy | the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere | 2 | |
| 9555318012 | Landscape | a mosaic of connected ecosystems |  | 3 |
| 9555318013 | Landscape ecology | focuses on the exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems | 4 | |
| 9555318014 | Ecosystem | the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact |  | 5 |
| 9555318015 | Ecosystem ecology | emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components | 6 | |
| 9555318016 | Community | a group of populations of different species in an area |  | 7 |
| 9555318017 | Community ecology | examines the effect of interspecific interactions on community structure and organization | 8 | |
| 9555318018 | Population | a group of individuals of the same species living in an area |  | 9 |
| 9555318019 | Population ecology | focuses on factors affecting population size over time | 10 | |
| 9555318020 | Organismal ecology | studies how an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challenges -physiological -evolutionary -behavioral ecology | 11 | |
| 9555318021 | Climate | long-term prevailing weather conditions in an area -temperature -precipitation -sunlight -wind | 12 | |
| 9555318022 | Macro-climate | consists of patterns on the global, regional, and landscape level | 13 | |
| 9555318023 | Microclimate | consists of very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms underneath a fallen log | 14 | |
| 9555318024 | Abiotic factors | nonliving attributes -temperature -light -water -nutrients |  | 15 |
| 9555318025 | Biotic factors | living organisms in an individual's enviornmernt |  | 16 |
| 9555318026 | Biomes | major life zones characterized by vegetation type (terrestrial) or physical environment (aquatic) | 17 | |
| 9555318027 | Tropical rain forests | relatively constant rainfall |  | 18 |
| 9555318028 | Tropical dry forests | precipitation is highly seasonal |  | 19 |
| 9555318029 | Desert | bands near 30 north and south of the equator, and in the interior of continents precipitation = low and highly variable, < 30 cm per year temp. = variable seasonally and daily may be hot or cold |  | 20 |
| 9555318030 | Savanna | distribution includes equatorial and subequatorial regions precipitation = seasonal w/ dry seasons (8-9 months long) temp. = (24-29 C) but more seasonally variable than the tropics |  | 21 |
| 9555318031 | Chaparral | midlatitude coastal regions on several continents precipitation = highly seasonal w/ rainy winters and dry summers summer = hot (30 C +); fall, winter, and spring are cool (10-12 C) |  | 22 |
| 9555318032 | Temperate Grassland | precipitation = highly seasonal winter = cold (-10 C) // dry summer = (30 C) |  | 23 |
| 9555318033 | Northern Coniferous Forest | spans northern North America and Eurasia and is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth precipitation = some periodic droughts, near coasts - wet winters = cold // summer = hot (Siberian -- -50 C to 20 C) |  | 24 |
| 9555318034 | Temperate Broadleaf Forest | distribution is primarily at midlatitudes in the North Hemisphere w/ smaller areas in Chile, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand -signifiant amounts of precipitation fall during all seasons as rain or snow -winters = 0 C // summers = hot & humid (35 C) mature ______________ _________________ _________________ = vertical layers aka closed canopy, understory trees, a shrub layer, and herb layer |  | 25 |
| 9555318035 | Tundra | expansive areas of the Arctic; alpine tundra exists on high mountaintops at all latitudes precipitation is low in arctic tundra and higher alpine tundra winters = cold (below -30 C) // summers = relatively cool ( < 10 C) |  | 26 |
| 9555318036 | Aquatic Biomes | physical environment, chemical environment, geological features, photosynthetic organisms and heterotrophs |  | 27 |
| 9555318037 | Lakes | size varies from small pond to very large lakes -temperate lakes = seasonal thermocline -- tropical lowland lakes have a year-round thermocline -oligotrophic lakes = nutrient poor and generally oxygen-rich -eutrophic lakes = nutrient rich & often depleted of oxygen in deep zones or throughout if ice covered in winter |  | 28 |
| 9555318038 | Wetland | habitat that is inundated by water and supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil high organic production and decomposition and have low dissolved oxygen develop in shallow basins, along flooded river banks or on coasts of large lakes and seas most productive biomes |  | 29 |
| 9555318039 | Streams and Rivers | most prominent physical characteristic of streams and rivers is current -downstream waters form rivers and are generally warmer, more turbid and well oxygenated |  | 30 |
| 9555318040 | Estuaries | a transition area between river and sea -salinity varies w/ the rise and fall of the tides -nutrient-rich and highly productive -complex network of tidal channels, natural levees, and mudflats -abundant supply of food attracts invertebrates, fish, waterfowl, and marine mammals -human interference upstream has disrupted _____________ worldwide |  | 31 |
| 9555318041 | Intertidal zones | -periodically submerged and exposed by the tides -challenged by variations in temperature and salinity and by the mechanical forces of wave action -oxygen & nutrient levels are high -substrate varies from rocky to sandy -oil pollution has disrupted many ____________ areas |  | 32 |
| 9555318042 | Oceanic Pelagic Zone | -constantly mixed by wind-driven oceanic currents -oxygen levels are high -turnover in temperate oceans renews nutrients in photic zones -this biome covers approximately 70% of Earth's surface -overfishing depletes fish stock -humans pollute by dumping waste |  | 33 |
| 9555318043 | Coral reefs | formed from calcium carbonate skeletons of coral shallow reef-building corals live in the photic zone in warm (20C -30C), clear water; deep sea corals live at depths of 200-1,500 m corals require high oxygen concentrations and a solid substrate for attachment coral reef progresses from a fringing reef to a barrier reef to a coral reef collections of coral skeletons, overfishing, global warming, pollution ansd aquaculture are threats to the coral reef ecosystems |  | 34 |
| 9555318044 | Marine Benthic zone | the seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal, or neritic zone and the offshore pelagic zone -organisms in deep benthic (abyssal) are adapted to continuous cold and extremely high water pressure |  | 35 |
| 9555318045 | Deep-sea hydothermal vents | volcanic origin on mid-oceanic ridges are surrounded by unique chemoautotrophic prokaryotes ( echinoderms and arthropods) neritic benthic communities include invertebrates and fishes overfishing and dumping waste have depleted | 36 | |
| 9555318046 | Dispersal | the movement of individuals or gametes away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin contributes to the global distribution of organisms |  | 37 |
| 9555318047 | Biotic factors that can affect the distribution of organisms may include: | -predation -herbivory -competition -mutualism -parasitism | 38 | |
| 9555318048 | Abiotic factors that can affect the distribution of organisms may include: | -temperature -water -oxygen -salinity -sunlight -soil most abiotic factors vary in space and time | 39 | |
| 9555318049 | Temperature | environmental temperature is an important factor in the distribution of organisms because of its effects on biological processes cells may freeze and rupture below 0C, most proteins denature above 45C mammals and birds expend energy to regulate their internal temperature |  | 40 |
| 9555318050 | Water & Oxygen | -water availability in habitats is another important factor in species distribution -desert organisms exhibit adaptations for water -water affects oxygen availability as oxygen diffuses slowly in water -oxygen concentrations can be low in deep oceans and deep lakes | 41 | |
| 9555318051 | Salinity | salt concentration affects the water balance of organisms through osmosis aquatic organisms are restricted ti freshwater or saltwater habitats very few terrestrial organisms are adapted to high-salt habitats salmon - able to migrate between freshwater and ocean | 42 | |
| 9555318052 | Sunlight | light intensity and quality affect photosynthesis -shading by leaves makes competition for light intense on the forest floor -water absorbs light = in aquatic environments most photosynthesis occurs near the surface **in deserts, high light levels increase temperature and can stress plants & animals |  | 43 |
| 9555318053 | Rocks & Soil | many characteristics of soil distribution of plants and thus the animals that feed on them -physical structure -pH -mineral composition |  | 44 |
