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| 5759595654 | Federalist Party | First American political party formed by George Washington and led by Alexander Hamilton. They were in support of the Constitution, as it gave the government more power. They believed in national banks, tariffs, an elite ruling class, and good relations with Britain. They had major influences and impacts on out national government and its debt. |  | 0 |
| 5759595655 | Anti-Federalist Party | A group of members that opposed the creation of a stronger US federal government and the Constitution. They were led by Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson. They believed in a weak central government and strong state governments. They supported small farmers and landowners. They helped in preventing the Federalists from creating a political system like that of the British. |  | 1 |
| 5759595656 | Whig Party | Were conservatives who supported government programs, reforms, and public schools. They called for internal improvements like canals, railroads, and telegraph lines. Henry Clay, Daniel Webster. |  | 2 |
| 5759595657 | Marbury v Madison 1803 | Est. the idea that the Supreme Court had the authority of Judicial Review. J. Adams appointed Marbury as a judge in DC, but Madison refused to process Marbury's job/commission. Chief Justice John Marshall declared that the SC did not have the authority to force Madison to make the appt. |  | 3 |
| 5759595658 | McCulloch v Maryland 1819 | Maryland attempted to stop the operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the US by imposing a tax on all money of banks not chartered in Maryland. Strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the bank of the United States by establishing that the state of Maryland did not have the power to tax the bank. Est. implied powers. |  | 4 |
| 5759595660 | Louisiana Purchase 1803 | The acquisition by the USA of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana. They paid $15 million. It doubled the size of the US, removed France's presence in the region, and it protected US trade access and free passage. Thomas Jefferson. |  | 5 |
| 5759595661 | Mexican Cession | 1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles. |  | 6 |
| 5759595662 | Gadsden Purchase 1853 | A region of present day southern AZ and southwestern NM purchased by the US in a treaty. It proved the land necessary for a southern transcontinental railroad and attempted to resolve conflicts that lingered after the Mexican-American War. |  | 7 |
| 5759595663 | Erie Canal | A canal in New York running from Albany to Buffalo. It created a navigable water route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes which gave the western states direct access tot he ocean without shipping goods downstream on Mississippi River. |  | 8 |
| 5759595664 | Boston Massacre 1770 | The killing of five colonists by British soldiers. It was the culmination of the tensions in the American colonies. It made many colonists rally together to counter the evil British. |  | 9 |
| 5759595665 | Boston Tea Party 1773 | Political protest by the Sons of Liberty. They destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India company in defiance of the Tea Act by throwing the chests into the sea. It showed that the American colonies had grown tired of arbitrary taxation by the British. |  | 10 |
| 5759595666 | Popular Sovereignty | A belief that ultimate power resides in the people. The people are able to vote for if they want slavery or not. |  | 11 |
| 5759595667 | Second Great Awakening | A Protestant revival movement as a reaction against skepticism, deism, and rationalism. It enrolled new members in existing denominations and led to the formation of new denominations. It revived the emotional side of religion, weakened church authority, and played a role in social reform. Led to new religious movements, such as Methodist and Mormon. |  | 12 |
| 5759595668 | French and Indian War 1754-1763 | AKA Seven Years' War. Fought between the colonies of British America and New France, supported by military units from their parent countries. Hostilities intensified between the two as they both attempted to colonize land in the Ohio Valley. It marked the beginning of conflicts between Great Britain and the American colonists. |  | 13 |
| 5759595669 | Revolutionary War 1775-1783 | War fought between the American colonies and England. American colonies won war and gained independence and British land in North America. |  | 14 |
| 5759595670 | Nullification Crisis | A sectional crisis with an ordinance declared by the power of the state that the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore void in South Carolina. It showed that the economic and political interests of the North and South were drifting, as they had opposing ideas. |  | 15 |
| 5759595671 | Mexican-American War 1846 | An armed conflict between the US and Mexico that started with the US annexation of Texas and was the result of a disagreement over where the Mexican-American border should be. the US received Mexican territory and it raised the question of slavery in the new territory. |  | 16 |
| 5759595672 | Saratoga Battle | A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent. |  | 17 |
| 5759595674 | Monroe Doctrine 1823 | A US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South American would be viewed as acts of aggression. It directed a clear warning towards all foreign countries telling them to leave the US alone and to stop settling within the country's borders. James Monroe. |  | 18 |
| 5759595675 | Atlantic Slave Trade | European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. |  | 19 |
| 5759595679 | Proclamation Act 1763 | Issued by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America. It forbade settlers from settling past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains. It organized Britain's empire and stabilized relations with Native Americans through trade, settlement, and land purchases. |  | 20 |
| 5759595680 | Sugar Act 1764 | It reduced the tax to three pence (previously six pence). The tax was more enforced and it occurred on other goods like wine, coffee, and calico. It raised revenue for Britain through American colonists, not Europeans. |  | 21 |
| 5759595681 | Stamp Act 1765 | An act of the Parliament of Great Britain that required the colonies have printed materials be produced on stamp paper. These were legal documents. It helped British troops who were stationed in North America, as the taxes went to their benefit. This angered the colonists. It was considered the last straw, leading to the Revolution. |  | 22 |
| 5759595682 | Land Ordinance 1785 | The goal was to raise money through the sale of land in the territory west of the states. It was important because it established the precedent by which the US would expand westward across North America by the admission of new states. |  | 23 |
| 5759595683 | Northwest Ordinance 1787 | It created the Northwest territory from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between Canada and the Great Lakes. Rather than the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty, it establish admission for new states. |  | 24 |
| 5759595684 | Compromise of 1850 | This admitted CA as a free state while it also created fugitive slave laws to capture escaped slaves. It created a way for slaves to not be able to go to the North and be free. The North had to help the South. |  | 25 |
| 5759595685 | Intolerable Acts 1774 | A series of laws passed by the British Parliament after the Boston Tea Party intending to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance. The Boston harbor closed. England took over all gov't activities. |  | 26 |
| 5759595686 | Missouri Compromise 1820 | It involved primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the southern Missouri border. It became precedent for settling subsequent North and South disagreements over slavery and duty issues. James Monroe. |  | 27 |
| 5759595687 | Thomas Jefferson | Democrat-Republican. Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virginia. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia. |  | 28 |
| 5759595688 | John Adams | America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained." | 29 | |
| 5759595689 | Thomas Paine | American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809). Common Sense. |  | 30 |
| 5759595690 | Andrew Jackson | Democrat. Seventh president of the US. He opposed the national bank and did not support a strong federal government. He enforced the Indian Removal Act. He enforced the idea of a common man and sovereignty. |  | 31 |
| 5759595691 | John C Calhoun | Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification. |  | 32 |
| 5759595692 | Henry Clay | American lawyer, politician, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky. He is important because he was the founder and leader of the Whig Party and a leading advocate of programs for modernizing the economy, like tariffs to eliminate international competition, a national bank, and internal improvements to promote canals, ports, and railroads. | 33 | |
| 5759595693 | John Quincy Adams | Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work. |  | 34 |
| 5759595694 | Preston Brooks | A hot tempered Congressman of South Carolina took vengeance in his own hands. He beat Sumner with a cane until he was restrained by other Senators over issue of slavery. |  | 35 |
| 5759595695 | Cotton | The most important cash crop in the South by 1850 that needed a large labor force. |  | 36 |
| 5759595696 | Indian Removal Act | Part of the Indian Removal policy that was signed into law by Andrew Jackson in 1830; strongly supported in the South where states were eager to gain access to lands occupied by the Five Civilized Tribes. Namely the Cherokee tribe. |  | 37 |
| 5759595697 | American System | An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power. |  | 38 |
| 5759595698 | Adams Onis Treaty | 1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean. |  | 39 |
| 5759595699 | Interchangeable parts | 1799-1800: Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government. |  | 40 |
| 5759595700 | Samuel Slater | He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories. -increased labor problem -only benefitted employers, not workers -forbid unions |  | 41 |
| 5759595701 | Spoils System | Jackson's patronage system, which allowed men to buy their way into office. This resulted in a very corrupt governmental office. |  | 42 |
| 5759595702 | "Lowell Girls"/Factory Girls 1820-30's | Young single women that were the primary source of labor in the factory system in Lowell, Massachusetts |  | 43 |
| 5759595703 | Colombian exchange | Exchange b/t the new world and the old world consisting of the old world bringing wheat, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, sugar, rice, coffee, smallpox, malaria and yellow fever. while the new world sent gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, and syphilis |  | 44 |
| 5759595704 | Encomienda Systems | Spanish Government's policy to give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. |  | 45 |
| 5759595705 | Tariff of 1828 | Protective tariff passed by Cong. that came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to Southerners because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products. |  | 46 |
| 5759668815 | Spain's 3 Gs | During Spanish exploration, their motivation for expansion and settlement revolved around God, Glory and Gold. | 47 | |
| 5759668816 | Mercantilism | Through trade with the colonies, a European nation's accumulation of wealth as the basis for their military and political strength. The Navigation Acts were part of the British policy of mercantilism. | 48 | |
| 5759668817 | Salutary Neglect | British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England. GB tried to create a policy through the Navigation Acts, but did not enforce them. From 1763 to 1775 Britain began to try to enforce stricter rules and more direct management, driven in part by the outcome of the Seven Years' War and needing funds to make up for it. | 49 | |
| 5759670928 | Democrat-Republican | Formed by Thomas Jefferson and others who believed in an agrarian-based, decentralized, democratic government. Opposed the Federalists. | 50 | |
| 5759682223 | Know-Nothings | AKA The American Party. Its members strongly opposed immigrants and followers of the Catholic Church. | 51 | |
| 5759682224 | Mestizo | Offspring of a Spaniard + Indian American | 52 | |
| 5759685454 | New England Colonies | Coastal area, good harbors for fishing, dense forests, poor rocky soil; small farms, lumber mills, shipbuilding, trade, cities developed along the coasts; Merchants controlled trade, artisans, etc; Founded for religious freedom; NH, ME, MA, CT, RI | 53 | |
| 5759685455 | Middle Colonies | AKA Bread Colonies; Fertile soil, long growing season; rye, oats, barley, etc.; Tenant farmers rented land and worked for wages; NY, NJ, PA, DE, MD | 54 | |
| 5759685456 | Southern Colonies | Good climate for growing crops; Tobacco, rice, indigo on large plantations; Indentured servants and slaves provided most of the labor; VA, NC, SC, GA | 55 | |
| 5759686727 | Abigail Adams | Wife of John Adams, urged husband to "remember the women" during the creation of the Constitution. | 56 | |
| 5759689794 | Barbados Slave Codes | Defined the slaves' legal status, gave owners rules and codes to completely control their slaves by. | 57 | |
| 5759689795 | Salem Witchcraft Trials | Late 1600s, adolescent girls of Salem, Mass., accused several people of voodoo, etc. At least 19 people were put to death. Demonstrates the tensions in Puritan communities. | 58 | |
| 5759691830 | John Peter Zenger | NY publisher, was tried for libelous charges, and the court declared that if the information printed was true, then it was not libel, something that contradicted the beliefs of Parliament in England. Removed some colonial restrictions on the freedom of the press. Est. the idea for the 1st Amendment. | 59 | |
| 5759693155 | First vs. Second Continental Congress | First: 1774, Decl. of Rights and Grievances, discussed Intolerable Acts Second: 1775, Olive Branch Petition, GW chosen to lead, Decl. of Indpendence | 60 | |
| 5759695830 | Declaration of Independence | 1776, written mainly by T. Jefferson, listed the grievances against King George III and Parliament. Included things such as taxation w/o representation, quartering troops, and getting rid of colonial gov'ts. | 61 | |
| 5759695831 | Treaty of Ghent | 1814. Ended the War of 1812. The treaty made no changes to the pre-war boundaries. | 62 | |
| 5759695832 | War of 1812 | War between Great Britain and America. Was caused by several factors including impressing sailors, various trade and embargo acts, etc. | 63 | |
| 5759697176 | Treaty of Paris, 1763 | Ended the Seven Years' War between France and Great Britain. France gave up their North American land claims to the British. | 64 | |
| 5759697177 | Treaty of Paris, 1783 | Ended the American Revolution. America won. | 65 | |
| 5759699203 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | Ended the Mexican-American War in 1848. US paid $15mil for the Mexican Cession land. | 66 | |
| 5759701058 | Horace Mann | Reformer who revolutionized the education system, believed that all people should have the opportunity to free education. | 67 | |
| 5759701059 | Dorothea Dix | Reformer who sought better conditions for the mentally and physically disabled as well as prison reforms. | 68 | |
| 5759702797 | Judiciary Act 1789 | Under Pres. GW; Allowed Congress to create lower federal courts | 69 | |
| 5759702798 | Gibbons vs. Ogden | Lawsuit over whether NY could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Cong. had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce. | 70 | |
| 5759706297 | Specie Circular | executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836 pursuant to the Coinage Act and carried out by his successor, President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver. | 71 | |
| 5759706298 | Aroostook War | Boundary dispute b/t US and Canada. Near the Aroostook River, Canadian lumberjacks were sent to work and Maine's Americans tried to eject them. Canada wanted to send an army but General Scott prevented this. It was solved by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty in 1842. | 72 | |
| 5759712371 | William Lloyd Garrison | Abolitionist, one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society; editor of the Liberator newspaper. | 73 | |
| 5759712372 | Dred Scott vs. Sandford | AKA Dred Scott Decision. Stated that Africans, whether enslaved or free, could not be an American citizen and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court, and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States. Essentially made slaves like property. | 74 | |
| 5759716060 | Crittenden Compromise | Proposal to protect slavery through constitutional amendments. The compromise did not pass the House or the Senate, and was immediately rejected by Pres. Lincoln. | 75 | |
| 5759747275 | Navigation Acts | Reflected the policy of mercantilism, which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside the Empire. Prohibited the colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, etc. On the whole, the Acts were obeyed, except for the Molasses Act of 1733, which led to extensive smuggling because no effective means of enforcement was provided until the 1750s. | 76 | |
| 5759855476 | Republican Motherhood | The idea that the mother could influence civic virtue and responsibility onto the children from the home. | 77 | |
| 5759985120 | Jonathan Edwards | Preacher of the Great Awakening; he attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation, and preached the traditional Puritan ideas of absolute sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. | 78 | |
| 5759990861 | George Whitefield | Powerful preacher, made several evangelizing tours through the colonies and drew tremendous crowds during the Great Awakening, known for theatrics. | 79 | |
| 5759996877 | Bacon's Rebellion | 1676. Nathaniel Bacon and other VA frontiersmen wanting land clashed w/Native Americans; they were poor, had little land. They were angered by the lack of gov't response to Indian attacks by Gov. Berkeley; rebellion died down. | 80 | |
| 5759996878 | Stono Rebellion | 1739. About 100 blacks in SC rose up, seized weapons, killed several whites and attempted to escape south to Florida, but they were caught and many participants executed. | 81 | |
| 5760011130 | Shays's Rebellion | 1786 to 1787; Rebellion was due to unfair taxes in MA, Farm foreclosures and farmers being imprisoned. Shays and others men attacked courts in western MA; State militia put down rebellion; Uprising was a general threat to property; Threat that rebellion could spread to other states; Articles of Confederation viewed as too weak to maintain law and order. | 82 | |
| 5760013295 | Whiskey Rebellion | 1794 to 1795; Farmers in western PA refused to pay federal excise tax on whiskey, and they attacked tax collectors. GW called for 13,000 troops to suppress the rebels, rebels ceased the rebellion; Gov't could enforce the law; Constitution protected law/order | 83 | |
| 5760036640 | Articles of Confederation Strengths and Weaknesses | Strengths: 1st Constitution of the USA, 1 central gov't, divided power b/t central and state gov'ts, Congress could declare war, sign treaties, deliver mail, rules to est. future states. Weaknesses: Weak central gov't, state powers too strong, states only had 1 rep and 1 vote in Cong., no executive branch, could not tax the states, could not regulate trade, could not enforce laws, difficult to amend the Articles. | 84 | |
| 5760124774 | Lewis and Clark | Hired by Pres. T. Jefferson, they and the Corps of Discovery explored and documented about Western land, animals, and people. | 85 | |
| 5760131513 | Manifest Destiny | Coined by John L. O'Sullivan; the idea that God created North America for the Americans to spread in all directions and claim it. Polk promoted it. | 86 | |
| 5760144657 | Great Compromise | When drafting the Constitution, this idea combined 2 previously mentioned plans: VA Plan: Cong. representation should be based on state population size. NJ Plan: Cong. should have equal representation per state regardless of population size. Compromise: House of Representatives is based on state population, Senate is equal representation per state. | 87 | |
| 5760189873 | John Rolfe | Responsible for the first successful cultivation of tobacco in the colony of Virginia, husband of Pocahontas. | 88 | |
| 5760191406 | Aztec | Native Empire in what is now central Mexico, agricultural society, violent, lots of enemies, better understanding of astronomy and math, conquered by Cortes. | 89 | |
| 5760191407 | Incas | Largest empire in Pre-Columbian America, had lots of gold, conquered by Fransisco Pizarro. | 90 | |
| 5760191408 | Mayan | Intellectually advanced in civilization in what is now Southern Mexico. Conquered by the Spanish. | 91 | |
| 5760198960 | Plymouth Colony, 1620 | Colony founded by a group of Separatists and Anglicans. Most citizens were fleeing religious persecution, and legal systems became closely tied to their beliefs. | 92 | |
| 5760201704 | Mayflower Compact | Agreement to form a majoritarian gov't in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony. | 93 | |
| 5760204325 | House of Burgesses | First assembly of elected representatives of English colonies in North America, Virginia. | 94 | |
| 5760207582 | Antinomianism | Belief that the "elect" need not obey the law of either God or man; espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson. | 95 | |
| 5760211270 | Quakers | Officially known as the Religious Society of Friends, refused to support the Church of England with taxes, didn't take oaths and refused military service. | 96 | |
| 5760214498 | Dominion of New England | 1680s; Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, NY and NJ. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents w/o their consent and strictly enforced Navigation Laws. | 97 | |
| 5760372217 | Causes of the Civil War | Taxes, Sectionalism, Slavery, Secession. | 98 | |
| 5760383500 | Battle of the Alamo | During the Texas Revolution, Texas rebels were surrounded by Mexican troops at the Alamo; although they lost, it served as a rallying cry to recruit more support for the TX independence movement. | 99 |
