Stress and Disease
Management of Pain and stress.
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| 1034204393 | Endocrine System |  | 0 | |
| 1034204394 | Sensory Neurons are Afferent or Efferent | Afferent | 1 | |
| 1034204395 | Motor Neurons or Afferent or Efferent | Efferent | 2 | |
| 1034204396 | Sympathetic NS | prepares body to respond to emergencies Reacts to stress Mobilization of energy | 3 | |
| 1034204397 | Parasympathetic NS | antagonist to SNS Restores nl state | 4 | |
| 1034204398 | Constricts eyes slows HR Churns stomach digest food Empty fluids erect | parasympathetic NS | 5 | |
| 1034204399 | opens pupils reduces secretions opens lungs speeds heart rate interrupts churn inhibits emptying of bladder no erect/excite promotes orgasm secretes adrenaline | Sympathetic NS | 6 | |
| 1037674799 | neurotransmitters | regulate NS function | 7 | |
| 1037674800 | catecholamine | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Increased release during stress | 8 | |
| 1037674801 | Acetyl Choline | promote PNS | 9 | |
| 1037674802 | Epilepsy | 2.5 mil US Sx: sz No cure Causes Idopathic injury infx disease metabolic/nutrition disorder genetic d/o | 10 | |
| 1037674803 | cerebral palsy | 765 K sx: lack muscle control chronic/ not progressive Cause: brain damage by accident or abuse | 11 | |
| 1037674804 | Parkinson's | Progressive/degenerative of basal ganglia Sx: tremors, rigidity, slow movement Usually affects >50 y/o Mena > women Cause depletion of catecholamine neurotransmitter dopamine | 12 | |
| 1037674805 | Basal Ganglia | embedded in cerebellum helps with muscle contractions, smooth, orderly, purposeful | 13 | |
| 1037674806 | MS | 400K in US degenerative brain tissue Sx: paralysis , blindness, numbness, double vision, drag feet, no bowel control , can have remission Cause: degenerative of myelin , autoimmune | 14 | |
| 1037674807 | Huntington's | 1:10,000 Chronic mental and physical deterioration Sx: involuntary muscle spasms, loss of motor abilities, personality changes Cause: genetic | 15 | |
| 1037674808 | poliomyelitis | Sx: paralysis Cause: viral, destroy bodies of motor neurons, periphery can not contact brain Vaccinations decreased occurrence | 16 | |
| 1037674809 | paraplegia & quadriplegia | para = LE Quad = UE/LE Cause: severance of spine para : Lower SC Quad: Upper SC | 17 | |
| 1037674810 | Endocrine Sys | ductless glands -> hormones to blood Governs slow acting, long duration response regulated by hypothalamus and pituitary gland | 18 | |
| 1037674811 | Pituitary Gland | Nicknamed the "master gland". Attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum. Releases tropic hormones from the anterior/adenohypophysis such as STH/GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, and LH as well as oxytocin, and ADH from the posterior/neurohypophysis. | 19 | |
| 1037674812 | Thyroid Controls | metabolic rate | 20 | |
| 1037674813 | Adrenal effects | salt, carb, arousal, sleep | 21 | |
| 1037674814 | pancreases effect | insulin, glucagon | 22 | |
| 1037674815 | Gonads effect | Secondary sex characteristics, reproduction | 23 | |
| 1037674816 | Anterior pituitary | Growth Hormone Somatotrophic STH Gonadotrophic thyrotrophic (TSH) adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) | 24 | |
| 1037674817 | Posterior Pituitary | Oxytocin Vasopresin/ADH | 25 | |
| 1037674818 | People under more stress | -Reported less sleep -Were less likely to eat breakfast -Reported using more alcohol -Reported using more recreational drugs | 26 | |
| 1040457115 | Sympathetic-adrenomedullary system (SAM) | •Cannon's "Fight-or-Flight" Response •stimulates - medulla of the adrenal glands to secrete catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) • Effects: blood pressure and heart rate increase, constriction of peripheral blood vessels, increased sweating | 27 | |
| 1040457116 | HPA Axis | Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome • releases -Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), stimulating pituitary to release ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) • ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids, especially cortisol | 28 | |
| 1040457117 | Leukemia | -Cancer of the bone marrow -Excessive WBCs → ↓RBCs in plasma → anemia | 29 | |
| 1040457118 | Leukopenia | -Deficiency of WBCs -Result of diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, & viral pneumonia | 30 | |
| 1040457119 | Leukocytosis | -Excessive number of WBCs -Response to infections like leukemia, appendicitis, mononucleosis | 31 | |
| 1040457120 | B-Cells creates | Plasma cells -> Antibodies | 32 | |
| 1040457121 | T-Cells creates | Immune regulation response (intensity/suspense) Lyse cells | 33 | |
| 1040457122 | Adaptive Immunity B Cells | Humoral-mediated immunity Protect against bacteria Prevent viral re-infection | 34 | |
| 1040457123 | Adaptive Immunity T- Cells | Cell-mediated immunity TC cells respond to specific antigens TH cells enhance the functioning of other white blood cells Ts cells regulate the immune response; suppress response | 35 | |
| 1040457124 | Autoimmune disorders | -a specific humoral or cell-mediated immune response that attacks the body's own tissues. -Women more likely to be affected •Examples -Certain forms of arthritis -Multiple sclerosis -Lupus erythematosis | 36 | |
| 1040457125 | Psychoneuroimmunology | •Multidisciplinary field •Focuses on interactions among -Behavior -Nervous system -Endocrine system -Immune system •First studies focused on generalization and classical conditioning of the immune system -Artificial flowers; cyclosporine & saccharine | 37 | |
| 1040457126 | Immunocompetence | The degree to which the immune system functions effectively | 38 | |
| 1040457127 | Measuring Immunocompetence | Three general indicators 1. Measuring numbers of different cells in the immune system by looking at blood samples • Example: Counting T, B, NK cells in the blood 2. Assessing the functioning of immune cells • Activation, proliferation, transformation, and cytotoxicity of cells 3. Measure antibody titres •Reactivation of latent viruses & vaccination | 39 | |
| 1040457128 | SNS | Stress response on Immunity Acute effects of increasing immune cell numbers and NK cell activity | 40 | |
| 1040457129 | HPA & Cortisol release | Stress response on Immunity:HPA & cortisol release • Reduces the number of WBCs •Reduces functioning and release of cytokines •Trigger apoptosis of WBCs | 41 | |
| 1040457130 | Cerebral cortex | Stress response on Immunity • Down regulates immune system possibly through neuropeptides like beta-endorphins | 42 | |
| 1040457131 | Long Term Stress Effects | Decreases in cell-mediated immunity •Elevated cortisol levels •Lowered heart rate variability •Elevated epinephrine levels •High waist-to-hip ratio •Decreased hippocampal volume •Memory problems (associated with hippocampus) •Elevated plasma fibrinogen (made by liver & helps clotting) •Elevated blood pressure | 43 | |
| 1040457132 | Reactivity | Degree of change in •Autonomic •Neuroendocrine •Immune responses -As a result of stress | 44 | |
| 1040480609 | Allostasis | Body's physiological systems fluctuate to meet stressful demands | 45 | |
| 1040480610 | Allostatic load | -Physiological costs of chronic exposure to fluctuating neural/neuroendocrine responses from repeated/chronic stress | 46 | |
| 1040480611 | Diathesis-stress model | -If a person has a pre-existing vulnerability (physical or psychological), then stress may interact with it to cause illness | 47 | |
| 1040480612 | Tapp and Natelson Study of Hamsters | -Hamsters had inherited heart diseases -Stress early in the disease process: no heart failure -Stress later in the disease process: precipitated heart failure | 48 | |
| 1040480613 | Three Mile Island nuclear accident | -Lower levels of saliva IgA -Lower percentages of B cells, total T cells, and TH cells -Lower levels of natural killer cells -High antibody titres to several viruses | 49 | |
| 1040480614 | Perceived Self-Efficacy | -reduces the experience of stress -reduced development of depression in response to stressful events -may create expectancy-based CNS modulation of immunological reactivity | 50 | |
| 1040523013 | Surgical Control of Pain | Cutting pain fibers at various points so pain sensations cant be conducted. - effects short-lived, use different pathways - can worsen problem - last resort | 51 | |
| 1040523014 | Counterirritation | -Inhibiting pain in one part of the body by stimulating or mildly irritating another area -Example: Scratching a part of the body near the part that hurts | 52 | |
| 1040523015 | Dorsal Column Stimulation | -Electrodes near the nerve fibers from the painful area deliver a mild electrical stimulus, thus inhibiting pain -Short-lived, temporary relief | 53 | |
| 1040523016 | Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) | -Electrodes attach to the skin and provide electrical stimulation -Less effective | 54 | |
| 1040523017 | Distraction | •Attention is redirected in order to reduce pain -Effective for acute pain and low-level pain | 55 | |
| 1040523018 | Hypnosis | An old and misunderstood technique •successfully controlled - Anxiety -Irritable bowel syndrome -Acute pain due to surgery, childbirth, dental procedures, burns, headaches -Pain due to laboratory procedures -Chronic pain, such as pain due to cancer | 56 | |
| 1040523019 | Behavioral Management | Shape behavior using operant conditioning •Secondary gains such as compensation, attention, and sympathy are positive reinforcers that promote chronic pain -Identify these reinforcers -Train people to reward and reinforce more desirable behaviors and -To withdraw reinforcement for less desirable behaviors •Benefits: increase physical activity & decrease medication use | 57 | |
| 1040523020 | Cognitive Therapy | Based on the principle that people's beliefs, personal standards, and feelings of self-efficacy strongly affect behavior -Focus on changing cognitions or thoughts -Identify and attack irrational beliefs | 58 | |
| 1040523021 | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Aims to develop beliefs, attitudes, thoughts and skills to make positive changes in behavior | 59 | |
| 1040523022 | Stress Inoculation Program | - conceptualize - skill acquisition and rehearsal stage -application and follow through | 60 | |
| 1040523023 | Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (CAT) | Increase acceptance of pain Focus attention on other goals and activitites | 61 | |
| 1040523024 | Catharsis | verbal expression of emotions | 62 | |
| 1040523025 | Pain management programs | Multi-modal approach Assessment of the pain Functional status - how is life impaired coping style - emotional and mental | 63 | |
| 1040523026 | Individual Treatment | Treatment is structured and time limited Treatment has concrete aims, rules, endpoints Patient has specific goal to attain | 64 | |
| 1040523027 | Component of Pain Management Program | Patient education - info and mgmt Training - relax/exercise/stretch Group Therapy - control emotional response Target Maladaptive cognitions - response to chronic | 65 |
