These words are for students at Heritage who are about to take the US History TCAP on March 3.
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| 366545650 | altruism | Unselfish concern for the welfare of others | |
| 366545651 | antebellum | belonging to the period before a war, especially the American Civil War...name is usually given to the South prior to the Civil War | |
| 366545652 | Articles of Confederation | this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage | |
| 366545653 | Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press. | |
| 366545654 | Columbian Exchange | the movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres during the age of exploration | |
| 366545655 | commerce | the buying and selling of goods | |
| 366545656 | Common Sense | a pamphlet written primarily by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain | |
| 366545657 | confederacy (or confederation) | a political system in which a weak central government has limited authority, and the states have ultimate power. | |
| 366545658 | the Constitution | it was adopted on September 17, 1787. It is a document that is based upon popular sovereignty, separation of powers, limited government, checks and balances, judicial review, and federalism. It is oriented by a preamble, articles, sections, and clauses. It allots powers to the state and the national government. | |
| 366545659 | credit | An arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future. | |
| 366545660 | debt | money or goods or services owed by one person to another | |
| 366545661 | Declaration of Independence | the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain | |
| 366545662 | diplomacy | the art of dealing with foreign governments | |
| 366545663 | Monroe Doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. | |
| 366545664 | Emancipation Proclamation | Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free. | |
| 366545665 | federalism | a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states | |
| 366545666 | Gettysburg Address | Speech given by Abraham Lincoln in November, 1963, which captured the spirit of liberty and morality ideally held by citizens of a democracy. That ideal was threatened by the Civil War. | |
| 366545667 | infrastructure | the basic, underlying framework or features of a system or organization. | |
| 366545668 | insurrection | rebellion; uprising | |
| 366545669 | interdependence | a relationship between countries in which they rely on one another for resources, goods, or services | |
| 366545670 | abolitionist | a person who wanted to end slavery | |
| 366545671 | nationalism | love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it | |
| 366545672 | Puritan | a group of protestants who lived by a stirct moral code; they wanted to purify the church of England; they left England in search of religious freedom. | |
| 366545673 | Reconstruction | the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union | |
| 366545674 | separation of powers | Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law | |
| 366545675 | popular sovereignty | The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government | |
| 366545676 | checks and balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power | |
| 366545677 | mercantilism | an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests | |
| 366545678 | propaganda | Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause. Often times it uses media such as newspapers, magazines, and television, and can also include misleading information. | |
| 366545679 | democratic republic | A political system in which a country is ruled by law, has representative government, and is democratic in nature. | |
| 366545680 | republic | A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting | |
| 366545681 | segregation | separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences | |
| 366545682 | suffrage | the right to vote | |
| 366545683 | supply and demand | an economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the good is available (supply) | |
| 366545684 | stereotype | a generalization that is used to characterize a person without acknowledging individual differences | |
| 366545685 | prejudice | an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members | |
| 366545686 | racism | the prejudice that members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of other races | |
| 366545687 | conformity | acting according to certain accepted standards | |
| 366545688 | continuity | the condition of being without a stop or interruption; an uninterrupted succession or flow | |
| 366545689 | Marbury v. Madison | The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789). | |
| 366545690 | Gibbons v. Ogden | This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights. | |
| 366545691 | McCulloch v. Maryland | 1819, Cheif justice john marshall limits of the US constition and of the authority of the federal and state govts. one side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. supreme court ruled that power of federal govt was supreme that of the states and the states couldnt interfere | |
| 366545692 | Worcester v. Georgia | Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it | |
| 366545693 | Dred Scott v. Sandford | 1857 Supreme Court decision that stated that slaves were not citizens; that livig in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves; and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitional | |
| 366545694 | Plessey v. Ferguson | Court case upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal" | |
| 366545695 | Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. | |
| 366545696 | American Revolution | This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. | |
| 366545697 | Texas Revolution | War between Texas settlers and Mexico from 1835-1836 resulting in the formation of the Republic of Texas | |
| 366545698 | Mexican War | after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000 | |
| 366545699 | French and Indian War | Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse. | |
| 366545700 | Civil War | The period of warfare between the Confederate States of America (1861-1865) and the United States over the issues of states' rights and slavery. | |
| 366564496 | free enterprise | economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference | |
| 366579905 | Bering Land Bridge Theory | During the Ice Age, glaciers grew and ocean levels dropped. The first Americans crossed the a land bridge between Asia and North America following their food source. | |
| 366579906 | paleoindians | the ancient peoples of the Americas who were present at the end of the last Ice Age. | |
| 366579907 | Mesoamericans | People From a Region and Culture Area in the Americas, Extending Approximately from Central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua, Within Which a Number of Pre-Columbian Societies Flourished Before the Spanish Colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th Centuries | |
| 366579908 | subsistence economy | Any farm economy in which most crops are grown for nearly exclusive family or local consumption. | |
| 366579909 | commercial economy | a system of production of goods and services for exchange in competitive markets where price and availability are determined by supply and demand | |
| 366590900 | Treaty of Paris 1763 | Treaty between Britain, France, and Spain, which ended the Seven Years War (and the French and Indian War). France lost Canada, the land east of the Mississippi, some Caribbean islands and India to Britain. France also gave New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi to Spain, to compensate it for ceeding Florida to the British. | |
| 366590901 | Treaty of Paris 1783 | This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River | |
| 366590902 | War of 1812 | Fought with Britain, 1812-14, over lingering conflicts that included impressment of American sailors, interference with shipping, and collusion with Northwest Territory Indians; settled by the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. | |
| 366590903 | Proclamation of 1763 | A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. | |
| 366590904 | Iroquois League | An alliance of the tribes of the Iroquois in the New York area. This League (Iroquois Confederacy) forced the English traders into working with them, but the French/Indian allies destroyed the Iroquois in 1690 | |
| 366590905 | Aztecs | (1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. | |
| 366590906 | Mayans | A Mesoamerican civilization of Central America and southern Mexico. Achievements include mathematics, architecture, and a 365 day a year calendar. They flourished between the 4th and 12th centuries C.E.. | |
| 366590907 | Olmec | The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (86) | |
| 366590908 | Inca | A Mesoamerican civilization of South America, centered in Peru. The Inca ruled a large empire and had many cultural and scientific achievements including an elaborate road system, architecture, and terrace farming. The arrival of the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire in the 15th century. | |
| 366595171 | Quakers | English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania | |
| 366724052 | Virginia Plan | The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for representation of each state in Congress in proportion to that state's share of the U.S. population. This plan was favored by | |
| 367102350 | New Jersey Plan | The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population | |
| 367102351 | Great Compromise (also known as the Connecticut Compromise) | the agreement by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-two senators) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population). | |
| 367102352 | Jacksonian Democracy | A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme. | |
| 367102353 | western expansion | extension of the US to the Pacific Ocean | |
| 367102354 | Transcontinental Railroad | a railroad that connected the eastern United States to the western United States. The railroad firmly bonded the West Coast the Union, created a trade route to the far-east, and helped the western expansion | |
| 367102355 | Manifest Destiny | This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. | |
| 367102356 | Anaconda Plan | Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south | |
| 367102357 | urbanization | movement of people from rural areas to cities | |
| 367102358 | triangular trade | A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa | |
| 367102359 | middle passage | the middle portion of the triangular trade that brought African slaves to the Americas | |
| 367102360 | encomienda | A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. | |
| 367362115 | Nullification Crisis | A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress. | |
| 367362116 | John Brown's Raid | an arsenal was taken over in Harpers Farry Virginia to give weapons to give to slaves in hopes to start a rebellion. | |
| 367362117 | Mayflower Compact | a document written by the Pilgrims establishing themselves as a political society and setting guidelines for self-government | |
| 367362118 | Magna Carta | A legal document written by English lords in 1215 that stated certain rights and limited the power of the King | |
| 371518927 | mesa | broad, flat-topped landform with steep sides; smaller than a plateau | |
| 371518928 | cape | narrow point of land that extends into a body of water | |
| 371518929 | delta | a low triangular area where a river divides before entering a larger body of water | |
| 371518930 | sinkhole | a hole formed when limestone is dissolved, causing the land above to collapse | |
| 371518931 | strait | a narrow channel of the sea joining two larger bodies of water |
