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| 14156229852 | the___made its first appearance in the 18th century | string quartet | 0 | |
| 14156229853 | Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) | Early/mid-classical period Austrian composer. considered the father of the modern symphony. | 1 | |
| 14156229854 | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1757-1791) | the greatest musical genius in western history. | 2 | |
| 14156229855 | Salons | Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas | 3 | |
| 14156229856 | the enlightenment | A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. | 4 | |
| 14156229857 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) | A French philosopher who wrote "The Social Contract" that opened with "man is born free and everywhere he is in chains". | 5 | |
| 14156229858 | encyclopedia (35 volumes, 1751-1780) | edited by Denis Dederot; on of the greatest achievements of the age; attempted to summarize all acquired knowledge and to dispel all imposed superstitions. | 6 | |
| 14156229859 | philosophes | enlightenment intellectuals in France who claimed all the arts and sciences as their purview. | 7 | |
| 14156229860 | prominent enlightenment figures included... | Adam Smith, Cesare Beccaria, and Immanuel Kant | 8 | |
| 14156229861 | Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) | in his famous essay, "What Is Enlightenment?", he described it as freedom to use one's own intelligence; "dare to know!" | 9 | |
| 14163598777 | Voltaire (1694-1778) | championed the enlightened principles of reason, progress, toleration, and individual liberty; spent 2 years in Britan and pushed that it was superior to France. | 10 | |
| 14163598778 | Skepticism | A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain. | 11 | |
| 14163598779 | David Hume (1711-1776) | A Scottish philosopher and one of the most prominent figures in the field of skepticism during the Enlightenment. Hume's skepticism proved very influential to others, such as Immanuel Kant, and was instrumental in the shift away from rationalist thought that ended the Enlightenment; his greatest philosophical work was "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding" | 12 | |
| 14163598780 | what were David Hume's 2 seminal contributions to enlightenment thought? | 1. argued that neither matter nor mind could be proved to exist with any certainty 2. if there could be no certainty, then the revealed truths of Christian religion could have no basis | 13 | |
| 14163598781 | Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) | French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution; believed that a successful government was one in which powers were separated and checks and balances existed within the institutions of the state. | 14 | |
| 14163598782 | Deists | believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine; deists were accused of being anti Christian | 15 | |
| 14163598783 | John Locke (1632-1704) | insisted that governments are formed to protect natural rights; believed that the mind was a blank slate at birth and was filled by experiences; wrote "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding"; good and evil were defined as pleasure and pain. | 16 | |
| 14163598784 | Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) | Wrote On Crimes and Punishments with basic laws of justice based on reason, Including equality before the law; opposed death penalty, influenced Enlightened Despots | 17 | |
| 14163598785 | what word was invented in the 18th century to express the feeling of liberation from the weight of centuries of traditions? | optimism | 18 | |
| 14163598786 | the area in which the Enlightenment had its greatest impact in Europe | religious toleration | 19 | |
| 14163598787 | Patent of Toleration (1781) | issued by Joseph II (son of Maria Theresa); granted freedom of worship to protestants and members of the Eastern Orthodox Church | 20 | |
| 14163598788 | Physiocrats | This was the group of French economists who believed that the wealth of a nation was derived solely from the value of its land. combined a belief in the sanctity of private property with the need for the state to increase agricultural output | 21 | |
| 14163598789 | Laissez-faire | Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs. formed the basis for 19th century economic reform | 22 | |
| 14163598790 | Bourgeoisie | the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people; provided the safety valve between the nobility and those who were acquiring wealth and power but lacked the advantages of birth and position. | 23 | |
| 14163598791 | entail | A restriction on property by limiting inheritance. grew larger an larger and attracted other entailed estates through marriage. | 24 | |
| 14163598792 | Burgher | A medieval merchant-class town dweller. | 25 | |
| 14163598793 | Georg Friedrich Handel (1685-1759) | a successful German composer who performed and directed concerts. was one of the few musicians in the 18th century to live without noble patronage. | 26 | |
| 14163598794 | Samuel Richardson (1689-1761) | An 18th-century English writer and printer. He is best known for his modern novel titled "Pamela" (1740). his novels were printed in installments and helped drive up the circulation of national magazines. | 27 | |
| 14163598795 | what was the domestic transformation in the 18th century | the dynamic of family life began to change when an emphasis on loving bonds shared between husband and wife as well as parents and children was shared with the nobility as well as the bourgeoisie. | 28 | |
| 14163598796 | John Newbery (1713-1767) | created the "Little Pretty Pocket Book" series. encompassed educational primers and included books for the entertainment of the child; Mother Goose nursery rhymes | 29 | |
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