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| 271370141 | Immigration | German, Irish, and Chinese primarily. | 0 | |
| 271370142 | Second Great Awakening | A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery. | 1 | |
| 271370143 | Abolitionists | men and women who agitated for a complete end to slavery. This pressure ended the British transatlantic slave trade in 1808 and slavery in British colonies in 1834. In the U.S. the activities of these people were one factor leading to the Civil War. | 2 | |
| 271370144 | Yeoman Farmers | Ordinary farmers. Familes made up of vast majority of WHITE population. 5 or fewer slaves, most had none at all. They were next up on social ladder | 3 | |
| 271370145 | Forms of Slave Resistance | breaking tools, working slowly, faking sickness, running away to the woods. new york revolt in 1712. louisiana revolt 1731. south carolina revolt 1739. | 4 | |
| 271370146 | Paternalism | a policy of controlling a group of people in a "fatherly" way, for their own good, and providing for their perceived needs, but without giving them rights; often based on the idea that certain groups of people are "primitive" and need educating or reforming | 5 | |
| 271370147 | Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 | The Seneca Falls Convention was a women's right convention held in Seneca Falls, New York (1848). It was organized by local New York women and Lucretia Mott ( a Quaker famous for her oratory skills). The local women were mostly radical Quakers, but they organized the convention with Elizabeth Stanton (who was a skeptical non-Quaker who followed logic more than religion). Stanton and the Quaker women presented two documents: The Declaration of Sentiments and an accompanying list of resolutions. There was much debate over women's right to vote. Frederick Douglas argued for its inclusion, and the suffrage resolution was retained. The Declaration of Sentiments became the foundational document in the American's woman's suffrage movement. | 6 | |
| 271370148 | The Alamo | 1. In San Antonio, Texas, a volunteer army took control of the fort called the Alamo (a former mission). 2. Jim Bowie and others believed that saving Texas meant saving San Antonio first. 3. General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna surrounded the Alamo with 3-6,000 Mexican troops and demanded unconditional surrender. 4. Colonel William Travis sent out a desperate plea for reinforcements, but only 32 men responded, bringing the total forces up to just over 180 defenders. 5. On March 6, 1836, the Alamo was captured by the Mexicans and all of the defenders, except women and children, were killed. 6. Davy Crockett was among the dead. 7. Alamo survivor Susannah Dickerson was ordered to ride out and spread word of the Texans' defeat. 8. Mexico hoped that this news would stop further rebellion. 9. Instead, "Remember the Alamo!" became the rallying cry. | 7 | |
| 271370149 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | February 2 1848. The agreement between President Polk and the new Mexican government for Mexico to cede California and New Mexico to the US and acknowledge the Rio Grand as the boundary of Texas. In return, the US promised to assume any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexico and to pay the Mexicans $15 million. | 8 | |
| 271370150 | Proslavery Arguments | Calhoun called slavery the most safe and stable basis for free institutions in the world. Slave owners invoked bible stories, the paternalist ethos, and more to support their claims that slaver was a good and necessary institution. | 9 | |
| 271370151 | Treaty of Fort Laramie | an agreement between the United States and the Oglala, Miniconjou, and Brulé bands of Lakota people, Yanktonai Dakota, and Arapaho Nation[1] signed in 1868 at Fort Laramie in the Wyoming Territory, guaranteeing to the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. The Powder River Country was to be henceforth closed to all whites. The treaty ended Red Cloud's War. | 10 | |
| 271370152 | Sectionalism | Term used to describe the regions (Northeast, South, & West) and differing economic, social, and cultural systems and interest prior the Civil War. | 11 | |
| 271370153 | Election of 1860 | Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union., Lincoln and Douglas competed for votes in the North, Breckinridge and Bell competed in the South. Lincoln won, This crucial election decided whether Southerners would remain in the Union or whether they would secede. Four candidates ran on distinct platforms that provided answers to the slave problem. Stephen Douglas from the Northern Democrats supported popular sovereignty, while John Breckenridge from the Southern Democrats supported the Dred Scott decision. John Bell from the Constitutional Union Party supported the preservation of the Union by compromise. However, Abraham Lincoln from the Republicans won the election on his position to restrict slavery to where it already was. | 12 | |
| 271370154 | Kansas - Nebraska Act | A bill proposed by Stephen Douglas to open the Nebraska territory for white settlement. The angle for this was to make that land safe to run the transcontinental railroad through, so as to pass through Douglas's home of Chicago, which would require going through mainly Indian controlled Nebraska. This bill passed, although with the provision that the new states formed would be able to choose through popular sovereignty as to whether or no they would be slave states. However, this also provided opposition, having repealed the Missouri Compromise. This spurred several Democrats, the Whigs, and the Free-soilers to amalgamate (combine) into one party to oppose the act, a party to be known as the Republican Party. | 13 | |
| 271370155 | Battle of Antietam | McClellan's men found a copy of Lee's plans and were able to stop the Confederates on one of the bloodiest days of the Civil War. No side won, but it was the Union display of power that Lincoln needed to announce his Emancipation Proclamation. | 14 | |
| 271370156 | Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln issued it and freed all the slaves in the Confederate states, but slaves in Border States loyal to the Union remained enslaved. It only applied to states in rebellion (Confederate states). It led to slaves rebelling and joining the Union army and increased sympathy from Europe. | 15 | |
| 271370157 | Freedman's Bureau | This organization was created by the federal government in 1865 to manage and assist the newly emancipated slaves of the nation. It provided assistance in the form of food, shelter, and medical attention to both African Americans and Southern whites. Established schools across the South and educated large numbers of former slaves. The organization struggled as President Johnson refused to increase its funding, and it finally expired in 1872. | 16 | |
| 271370158 | Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | was a Mexican general and dictator, who dominated Mexican politics for a quarter of a century. He was elected president, but didn't serve; instead he overthrew the government and established himself as a dictator. He commanded the Mexican army that stormed The Alamo during the Texas Revolution of 1835 and 1836 and killed all 187 defenders, but he was shortly afterward defeated and captured by Sam Houston's Texans. | 17 | |
| 271370159 | Robert E Lee | Was leader of the Army of Northern Virginia, was offered command of the Union forces at the beginning of the war but chose not to fight against Virginia, opposed secession, but did not believe the union should be held together by force, and urged Southerners to accept defeat at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to fight on | 18 | |
| 271370160 | Jefferson Davis | From 1860-1865, he was the president of the Southern Confederate States after their succession from the Union. During this time he struggled to form a solid government for the states to be governed by. From the beginning, he lacked the power necessary for a strong government because the southerners believed in states rights. Aside from being sick, he worked hard with solidating the civil government and carrying out military operations. The truth of the matter is that no one could have pulled it off successfully. | 19 | |
| 271370161 | Harriet Beacher Stowe | Wrote a novel called Uncle Tom's Cabin, published in 1852. It sold more than 300,000 copies within a year of puplication and was reissued again and again. It brought the message of abolitionism to an enormous new audience. She became a hero to many in the North, and in both regions, her novel helped inflame sectional tensions to a new level of passion. | 20 | |
| 271370162 | Nativism | Nativism typically means opposition to immigration or efforts to lower the political or legal status of specific ethnic or cultural groups because the groups are considered hostile or alien to the natural culture, and it is assumed that they cannot be assimilated. Nativism gained its name from the "Native American" parties. In this context "Native" does not mean indigenous or American Indian but rather those descended from the inhabitants of the original Thirteen Colonies. It impacted politics in the mid-19th century because of the large inflows of immigrants from cultures that were somewhat different from the existing American culture. Thus, nativists objected primarily to Irish Roman Catholics because of their loyalty to the Pope and also because of their supposed rejection of republicanism as an American ideal. Nativist movements included the Know Nothing or American Party of the 1850s, the Immigration Restriction League of the 1890s, the anti-Asian movements in the West, resulting in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the "Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907" by which Japan's government stopped emigration to the U.S. Labor unions were strong supporters of Chinese exclusion and limits on immigration, because of fears that they would lower wages and make it harder to organize unions | 21 | |
| 271370163 | Reform Movement | social movement that swept America beginning about 1870 to clean up the corruption of city governments and the poor housing and working conditions of immigrants. The movement was largely triggered by the muckrakers. | 22 | |
| 271370164 | Feminists | Feminism is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights and equal opportunities for women. Its concepts overlap with those of women's rights. Feminism is mainly focused on women's issues, but because feminism seeks gender equality, some feminists argue that men's liberation is a necessary part of feminism, and that men are also harmed by sexism and gender roles. Feminists are "person[s] whose beliefs and behavior[s] are based on feminism." | 23 | |
| 271370165 | Peculiar Institution | Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched. (262) | 24 | |
| 271370166 | Cotton Economy | The cotton economy based on slave labor prospered until the Civil War, as British demand continued to rise and as more land and more workers were used in cotton production (increases in productivity per acre or per worker were rare in this era, except that the lands of the Southwest were more fertile than the Southeast). Meanwhile, the emphasis on cotton and slavery constrained innovation, industrialization, urbanization, educational progress, and immigration to the South, with dire consequences for the regional economy once the slaves were emancipated and cotton demand stagnated. | 25 | |
| 271370167 | Utopian Societies | Group of small societies that appeared during the 1800s in an effort to reform American society and create a "perfect" environment. (ex. Shakers, Oneidas, Brook Farm, etc.) | 26 | |
| 271370168 | Mexican American War | an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution. American forces invaded New Mexico, the California Republic, and parts of what is currently northern Mexico; meanwhile, the American Navy conducted a blockade, and took control of several garrisons on the Pacific coast of Alta California, but also further south in Baja California. Another American army captured Mexico City, and forced Mexico to agree to the cession of its northern territories to the U.S. | 27 | |
| 271370169 | Battle of San Jacinto | fought on April 21, 1836, in present-day Harris County, Texas, was the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Sam Houston, the Texian Army engaged and defeated General Antonio López de Santa Anna's Mexican forces in a fight that lasted just eighteen minutes. About 630 of the Mexican soldiers were killed and 730 captured, while only nine Texans died.[2] Santa Anna, the President of Mexico, was captured the following day and held as a prisoner of war. Three weeks later, he signed the peace treaty that dictated that the Mexican army leave the region, paving the way for the Republic of Texas to become an independent country. These treaties did not specifically recognize Texas as a sovereign nation, but stipulated that Santa Anna was to lobby for such recognition in Mexico City. Sam Houston became a national celebrity, and the Texans' rallying cries, "Remember the Alamo!" and "Remember Goliad!" became etched into American history and legend. | 28 | |
| 271370170 | Bleeding Kansas | a series of violent political confrontations involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the neighboring towns of Missouri between 1854 and 1858. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free state or slave state. As such, Bleeding Kansas was a proxy war between Northerners and Southerners over the issue of slavery in the United States. The term "Bleeding Kansas" was coined by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune; the events it encompasses directly presaged the American Civil War. The United States had long struggled to balance the interests of slaveholders and abolitionists. The events later known as Bleeding Kansas were set into motion by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which nullified the Missouri Compromise and instead implemented the concept of popular sovereignty. An ostensibly democratic idea, popular sovereignty stated that the inhabitants of each territory or state should decide whether it would be a free or slave state; however, this resulted in immigration en masse to Kansas by activists from both sides. At one point, Kansas had two separate governments, each with its own constitution, although only one was federally recognized. On January 29, 1861, Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state, less than three months before the Battle of Fort Sumter which began the Civil War. | 29 | |
| 271370171 | Manifest Destiny | the 19th century American belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent. It was used by Democrat-Republicans in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico; the concept was denounced by Whigs, and fell into disuse after the mid-19th century. Advocates of Manifest Destiny believed that expansion was not only wise but that it was readily apparent (manifest) and inexorable (destiny). | 30 | |
| 271370172 | Mexican Cession | historical name for the region of the present day southwestern United States that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War. this massive land grab was significant because the question of extending slavery into newly acquired territories had become the leading national political issue. | 31 | |
| 271370173 | Nationalism | Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe (713) | 32 | |
| 271370174 | Dred Scott Decision | Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857 Supreme Court case -threw nation into further turmoil - Scott, a slave in MO, was taken by his owner to a free territory; lived their for 4 years; owner later returns to MO and dies - Scott sues for his freedom - Court ruled that he didn't have the right to sue because he was a slave and not a citizen -declared that a slave owner could not be deprived of his "property" without due process of law - struck down the MO Compromise b/c it declared that it was a violation of the 5th amendment to declare slaves free of their owners without due process, even if the slave had entered a free state -outraged abolitionists and those who favored popular sovereignty | 33 | |
| 271370175 | Cooper Union Speech | delivered by Abraham Lincoln on February 27, 1860, at Cooper Union, in New York City. Lincoln was not yet the Republican nominee for the presidency, as the convention was scheduled for May. It is considered one of his most important speeches. Some have argued it was responsible for making him President.[1] In the speech, Lincoln elaborated his views on slavery, affirming that he did not wish it to be expanded into the western territories and claiming that the Founding Fathers would agree with this position. | 34 | |
| 271370176 | Battle of Gettysburg | furthest north that the confederate troops go, the try to surround dc and get them to surreneder, largest battle in western hemisphere, bloodiest 3 days of us histroy and bloodiest battle of civil war and most casualties ever in american history, 53,000 causalties, lincoln gives gettysburg address, also described as a turning point in war, second day called the little round top, 3rd day was picketts charge- pickett was one of the officers | 35 | |
| 271370177 | Appomattox Courthouse | fought on the morning of April 9, 1865, was the final engagement of Confederate States Army General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered to the Union Army under Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, and one of the last battles of the American Civil War. Lee, having abandoned the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, after the Siege of Petersburg, retreated west, hoping to join his army with the Confederate forces in North Carolina. Union forces pursued and cut off the Confederate retreat. Lee's final stand was at Appomattox Court House, where he launched an attack to break through the Union force to his front, assuming the Union force consisted entirely of cavalry. When he realized that the cavalry was backed up by two corps of Union infantry, he had no choice but to surrender. The signing of the surrender documents occurred in the parlor of the house owned by Wilmer McLean on the afternoon of April 9. On April 12, a formal ceremony marked the disbandment of the Army of Northern Virginia and the parole of its officers and men, effectively ending the war in Virginia. | 36 | |
| 271370178 | Bargain of 1877 | date: 1877 reconstruction President Hayes won a close election and agreed to these conditions. 1) agreed to recognize democrat control of south. 2) place a southerner in cabinet. 3) provied federal aid for Tx and Pacific railroad. Democrats promised not to dispute Hayes right to office and respect the civil and political rights of blacks. (democrats didnt keep their promise to recognize blacks as equal citizens) | 37 | |
| 271370179 | Sam Houston | United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863) | 38 | |
| 271370180 | Ulysses S. Grant | When the American Civil War began (1861), he was appointed brigadier general; his 1862 attack on Fort Donelson, Tenn., produced the first major Union victory. He drove off a Confederate attack at Shiloh but was criticized for heavy Union losses. He devised the campaign to take the stronghold of Vicksburg, Miss., in 1863, cutting the Confederacy in half from east to west. Following his victory at the Battle of Chattanooga in 1864, he was appointed commander of the Union army. While Gen. William T. Sherman made his famous march across Georgia, Grant attacked forces under Gen. Robert E. Lee in Virginia, bringing the war to an end in 1865. Grant's administrative ability and innovative strategies were largely responsible for the Union victory. In 1868 his successful Republican presidential campaign made him, at 46, the youngest man yet elected president. His two terms were marred by administrative inaction and political scandal involving members of his cabinet, including the Crédit Mobilier scandal and the Whiskey Ring conspiracy. He was more successful in foreign affairs, where he was aided by his secretary of state, Hamilton Fish. He supported amnesty for Confederate leaders and protection for the civil rights of former slaves. | 39 | |
| 271370181 | Abraham Lincoln | One of the most skillful politicians in Republican party. Lawyer. Tried to gain national exposure by debates with Stephen A. Douglas. The Lincoln-Douglas debates attracted much attention. Lincoln's attacks on slavery made him nationally known. He felt slavery was morally wrong, but was not an abolitionist. He felt there was not an alternative to slavery and blacks were not prepared to live on equal terms as whites. Won presidency in November election. | 40 | |
| 271370182 | Elizabeth Stanton | (1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869. | 41 | |
| 271370183 | George McClellan | Was a major general during the American Civil War. He organized the famous Army of the Potomac and served briefly (November 1861 to March 1862) as the general-in-chief of the Union Army. Early in the war, McClellan played an important role in raising a well-trained and organized army for the Union. Although McClellan was meticulous in his planning and preparations, these characteristics may have hampered his ability to challenge aggressive opponents in a fast-moving battlefield environment. He chronically overestimated the strength of enemy units and was reluctant to apply principles of mass, frequently leaving large portions of his army unengaged at decisive points General McClellan also failed to maintain the trust of Lincoln, and proved to be frustratingly derisive of, and insubordinate to, his commander-in-chief. After he was relieved of command, McClellan became the unsuccessful Democratic nominee opposing Lincoln in the 1864 presidential election. His party had an anti-war platform, promising to end the war and negotiate with the Confederacy, which McClellan was forced to repudiate, damaging the effectiveness of his campaign. He served as the 24th Governor of New Jersey from 1878 to 1881. He eventually became a writer, defending his actions during the Peninsula Campaign and the Civil War. | 42 | |
| 271370184 | John Freemont | American army Captain that clashed with Mexican authorities in Monterey and then joined the rebels in Sonoma during the Mexican War. explored many western areas and trails. the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President. First Presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform of opposition to slavery. | 43 |
