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| 598388699 | *European Colonialism* | When did it begin? | |
| 598388700 | European colonialism began around A.D. 1400 when the leaders of powerful European countries sent explorers to find new lands and forge new trade routes | Colonizing for economic benefits dates to ancient times, when the Romans ruled colonies in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. No such expansion occurred in Europe throughout the Middle Ages (A.D. c. 450-c. 1500). | |
| 598388701 | In the fifteenth century Portugal and Spain were the first to seek new sea routes to India and the Far East, gaining control of Brazil and setting up trading posts in West Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. Although Spain acquired most of Latin America and large portions of what is now the United States of America, the Dutch, English, and French also carved out their own colonial empires in North America. | Along with establishing the thirteen colonies in the present-day United States, the English controlled India and portions of Africa, while the Dutch acquired the Indonesian Islands, which became known as the Dutch East Indies. | |
| 598388702 | Colonialism produced both positive and negative effects in the lands occupied by Europeans | *positive* Trade expanded, thus increasing the exchange of raw materials and benefiting the economies of the colonies. | |
| 598388703 | *negative* | Yet colonialism produced disastrous consequences in the new territories (which Europeans called the New World), as the colonizers either killed or moved native peoples in their quest for more land and natural resources. | |
| 598388704 | *another negative* | Europeans caused even more disruption by forcing their own languages, ideas, religions, and systems of government on native peoples. | |
| 598388705 | *another negative 3* | Europeans also brought diseases to the New World, which killed many natives in epidemic proportions. | |
| 598388706 | Eventually the New World became a battleground for the European powers, which fought wars over the territory. For example, between 1689 and 1763, the British and French engaged in four wars in North America alone. | those were the consequences | |
| 598496616 | *World War 1* | The Great War | |
| 598496617 | John Law | Scottish financier who set up an official trading company for North America and a state bank that issued paper money and stock (both crashed and burned) |  |
| 598496618 | the Mississippi Bubble | Financial scandal in France involving the Mississippi company. Printed paper money and gained a economic influence to John Law original founder. 1718-1720 | |
| 598496619 | *19th Century World* | he British felt vulnerable on India's western frontier. For this reason they "leased" Quetta (Kueitteh) from its local ruler (1875), which in essence meant their acquisition of dry, mountainous Baluchistan. But they were still possessed by the obsession that Russia wanted to annex Afghanistan. They got wind that the Afghan ruler Sher Ali was friendly to the Russians. Their dander went sky-high when a British delegation was prevented from entering Afghan territory. The British then assembled a 35,000-man Indian army under general Frederick Roberts which quickly secured the Khyber pass, the gateway to Kabul, and occupied Jalalabad and Kandahar (1878). This war, as well as in general the British-Russian rivalry for Central Asia, was called the "great game" by Rudyard Kipling. |  |
| 598496620 | chieftain Setawayo | Under the chieftain Setawayo (1878-1879), the Zulus resisted the British and even killed some soldiers at Isandhlwana. A company was sent against them and in Rorke (here depicted) Zulus in the thousands were massacred. That blacks could fight so ferociously impressed European minds so much that Zulus were the subject of paintings, tall tales, horror stories, and eventually of films. |  |
| 598496621 | France and African Land | The French wanted an African empire that stretched from the Atlantic to the Red Sea. The British wanted one that went from Cairo to Cape Town. The Germans had co-opted part of east Africa, which frustrated the British dream. The French sent a small expedition to a place called Fashoda in the southern Sudan. The British sent Gen. Kitchener, who told the French Col. Marchand where he could go and park his men. At the time (1897), much was made of the Fashoda incident, which in hindsight seems like a storm in a cup of tea. | |
| 598496622 | Charles George "Chinese" GOrdon | Charles George "Chinese" Gordon was a distinguished British soldier, though not conventionally within British ranks. He gained fame in helping to suppress the Taiping rebellion, which began in China in 1851 (hence the nickname Chinese), and then as a regular officer he participated in the siege of Beijing and deplored the burning in 1860 of Qialong's westernizing 18th century palace. Gordon undertook one last strictly unofficial mission to rescue the Sudan from the Mahdi. He set himself up in Khartoum, but he had no forces to speak of and was killed by the Sudanese. In this very Eurocentric painting he stands undaunted before his jabbering, over-excited killers. |  |
| 598496623 | Expansion | (figure 21) the ultimate explanation of European imperialism as the Sudanese army is mowed down at Omdurman by the Maxim guns of Gen. Kitchener's implicit troops. |  |
| 598496624 | Italy and Germany | Italy, like Germany, was a late colonialist power and it was only in 1914 that it subjected Libya against strong native resistance. | |
| 598496625 | Italy and Libya | The Italians seized Libya after defeating the Ottomans in 1911-1912, but native resistance, led by the Sanusi chieftain Umar al Mukhtar, was tenacious and lasted until 1931. The Libyans were expecting Ottoman help and the Italians here are showering them with leaflets informing them that the Ottoman Empire no longer existed. | |
| 598496626 | Francisco de Miranda | Francisco de Miranda was a Venezuelan creole who served in the Spanish army with distinction, but his dream was the independence of his country and all of Spanish America. At the court of Catherine the Great, Miranda charmed the Russian autocrat, who was famously promiscuous. In 1792, it was his cannonade at Valmy that saved revolutionary France from invasion. In 1804, he failed at an invasion of Venezuela, but when the country went autonomous in 1810, he was called by the oligarchs to lead the patriot army. Miranda there was out of his depth. He was hardly Venezuelan, having lived most of his life elsewhere, and when he gave up before a royalist offensive in 1811, his own compatriots turned him over to the Spaniards, who locked him up in a fortress in Cádiz and practically threw away the key. Miranda died in 1816. | |
| 598496627 | U.S.A. and the Barbary States War | There was a state of war between the USA and the Barbary States which lasted from 1800 to 1815. After failed attempts to take Libyan Tripoli, the USA finally forced Algiers to agree to cease preying on its ships. In the picture Stephen Decatur, a leader of the 1804 expedition against Tripoli, is being saved by a sailor from a Libyan scimitar. Although this was a minor American war, it bequeathed the line "From the halls of Montezuma to the shores of Tripoli" in the Marines' anthem, which is quite a garble: there were no Aztecs when America invaded Mexico, a war which happened decades after the Barbary Wars. | |
| 598496628 | Oliver Perry [USA] | Oliver Perry, brother of Matthew Perry, became a national hero when in 1813 his ships defeated the British on lake Eire during the War of 1812. In the battle his flagship was destroyed and he transferred to another ship to carry on the fight. Perry had previously fought in the Barbary Wars. |  |
| 598496629 | Spain and Liberalism | After centuries of monarchical absolutism and Catholic conformism, Spaniards did not take easily to liberalism. The chance for liberals came during the French invasion in 1808, when, by sympathetic rebound, they adopted a liberal constitution in 1812. When Ferdinand VII was re-instated in 1814, he suppressed it. In 1820, the liberalizers, among whom military were prominent, tried again. Ferdinand equivocated and in 1823 he asked Louis XVIII to invade Spain, which he did with his "100,000 sons of St Louis" (actually the army was not as large as that). The last liberal effort at political reform was led by Jose Maria Torrijos who was captured and executed with his collaborators. | |
| 598496630 | figure (22) | In this painting from 1831 soldiers of the Papal States fight bandits in the Roman countryside. |  |
| 598496631 | Young queen victoria | The virginal and lovely Victoria is told of her accession to the British throne. | |
| 598496632 | European Plans | In 1815 at Vienna, the victors over Napoleon tried to place Europe in a monarchist straightjacket. In 1848, there were liberal uprisings all over Europe, starting in France, where Liberty is seen leading the people of Paris against the Orleans monarchy, which fell. The painting is by Delacroix. | |
| 598496633 | Opium | substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived. During the 19th century, the majority of Opium were harvested in China. | |
| 598496634 | *Opium Wars* | The British East India Company was making profits by exchanging opium for tea in China. When Chinese authorities tried to obstruct this traffic, Britain waged the Opium War (1839-1842) and through the treaty of Nanjing forced them to allow trade and to cede the island of Hong Kong. In the painting the mandarin called Li is ordering the destruction of 20,291 bales of opium. | |
| 598496635 | 1730 | British exports of opium to China was estimated to be 15 tons | |
| 598496636 | 1773 | British exports of opium to China increased to an estimated 75 tons | |
| 598496637 | 1799 | The Qing Empire established a ban on Opium products | |
| 598496638 | 1830 | The British dependence on opium use reaches an all time high, importing 22,000 pounds of opium from Turkey and India. The mandate to rule and dictate the trade policies of British India are no longer in effect. Jardine-Matheson & Company of London inherit India and its opium from the British East India Company | |
| 598496639 | 1837 | Elizabeth Barrett Browning falls under the effects of morphine. | |
| 598496640 | 1839 | Lin Tse-Hsu, imperial Chinese commissioner in charge of suppressing the opium traffic, orders all foreign traders to surrender their opium. The British send expeditionary warships to the coast of China, beginning The First Opium War. | |
| 598496641 | 1840 | New Englanders bring 24,000 pounds of opium into the United States. U.S. Customs promptly puts a duty fee on the import. Charles Elliot asked the Portuguese governor to let British ships use Macau as a port and they would pay rents and any duties. The governor denied this request for fear that the Qing Government would halt the supply of food and other necessities to Macau. The Qing Emperor asked all foreigners in China to halt material assistance to the British in China. In retaliation, British attacked Guangdong. | |
| 598496642 | 1841 | The British captured the Bogue forts The Chinese are defeated by the British in the First Opium War. Hong Kong is ceded to the British. | |
| 598496643 | 1842 | The British had defeated the Chinese at the mouth of the Yangtze and occupied Shanghai The Treaty of Nanking was signed between Britain and China. | |
| 598496644 | 1843 | Dr. Alexander Wood of Edinburgh discovers a new technique of administering morphine, injection with a syringe. He finds the effects of morphine on his patients instantaneous and three times more potent. | |
| 598496645 | 1852 | The British arrive in lower Burma They import large amounts of opium from India and sell it through a government-controlled opium monopoly. | |
| 598496646 | 1856 | The British and French renew their hostilities against China in the Second Opium War. The British attacked Guangzhou from the Pearl River There was an attempt to poison the British Superintendent of Trade in Hong Kong | |
| 598496647 | 1858 | The Xianfeng Emperor ordered the Mongolian general to guard the Taku Forts near Tianjin | |
| 598496648 | 1859 | British forces blew up the iron obstacles that the Chinese had placed in the Baihe River | |
| 598496649 | 1860 | British-French sailed from Hong Kong and captured the port cities of Yantai and Dalian to seal the Bohai Gulf. At the Battle of Palikao, 10,000 Chinese troops were completely annihilated by British-French forces. China has to pay another indemnity, 8 million taels to Britain and France. The importation of opium is legalized. The Russians were granted a diplomatic presence in Beijing permanently. |
