Terms : Hide Images
| 38724331 | Arabian Peninsula | / | 0 | |
| 38724332 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts of Islam | 1 | |
| 38724333 | Mecca and Medina | Mecca - city located in mountainious region along the Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; Muhammad born there; part of the hajj; | 2 | |
| 38724334 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born 570 to Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received rellations from Allah in 610; died in 632 | 3 | |
| 38724335 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj | 4 | |
| 38724336 | Abu Bakr | One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community | 5 | |
| 38724337 | Umma | Community of the faithful within Islam;transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity | 6 | |
| 38724338 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for shia | 7 | |
| 38724339 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam | 8 | |
| 38724340 | Succession | / | 9 | |
| 38724341 | Sunni and Shia | Sunni followers of ; Shia followers of Ali | 10 | |
| 38724342 | Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 11 | |
| 38724343 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital Ctesiphon | 12 | |
| 38724344 | dhow | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 13 | |
| 38724345 | Harun al-Rashid | Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptous and costly living; depended on Persian advisors; death led to civil wars over succession | 14 | |
| 38724346 | Caliphate | / | 15 | |
| 38724347 | Gradual disintergration | / | 16 | |
| 38724348 | Civil Wars | / | 17 | |
| 38724349 | Buyids | regional splinter dynasty of mid-10 cen; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasdis as figureheads | 18 | |
| 38724350 | Seljuk Turks | Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid 11 cen | 19 | |
| 38724351 | Christian Crusaders | / | 20 | |
| 38724352 | Persian | / | 21 | |
| 38724353 | Sufis | mystics within Islam; responsible for exansion of Islam to SE Asia and other regions | 22 | |
| 38724354 | Ulama | orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingy opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking | 23 | |
| 38724355 | Mongols | C Asia nomadic people; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed its last Abbasid caliph | 24 | |
| 38724356 | Tamerlane | / | 25 | |
| 38724357 | Muslim invaders, traders, and migrants | / | 26 | |
| 38724358 | Muhammad ibn Quasim | Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of umayyad empire | 27 | |
| 38724359 | Muhammad of Ghazni | 3rd ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in afghanistan; led invasions of N India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest Hindu temples in N India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression | 28 | |
| 38724360 | Stateless Societies | African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states | 29 | |
| 38724361 | Bantu | Originated in eastern Nigeria in West Africa; migrated into central and southern Africa using rivers-particularly the Congo Basin; village dwellers who depended on agriculture and fishing | 30 | |
| 38724362 | Berbers | / | 31 | |
| 38724363 | Almoravid | A puritanical reformist movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of northern Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara; conquered Ghana in 1076; moved southward against African kingdoms of the savanna and westward into Spain | 32 | |
| 38724364 | Jihad | struggle often used for wars in defense of faith; holy warriors | 33 | |
| 38724365 | Savanna | / | 34 | |
| 38724366 | Early Christian Kingdoms | / | 35 | |
| 38724367 | Coptic | / | 36 | |
| 38724368 | Sahel Grasslands | The extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara; a point of exchange between the forests to the south and North Africa | 37 | |
| 38724369 | Ghana | First great sub-Saharan state; created by Soninke people; by 9th century c.e. a major source of gold in the Mediterranean world | 38 | |
| 38724370 | Malinke | / | 39 | |
| 38724371 | Juula | Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali Empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa | 40 | |
| 38724372 | Griots | Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire | 41 | |
| 38724373 | Sundiata | The "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260 | 42 | |
| 38724374 | Ibn Batuta | Arabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records | 43 | |
| 38724375 | Mansa Musa | / | 44 | |
| 38724376 | Timbuktu | Port city of Mali; | 45 | |
| 38724377 | Sunni Ali | / | 46 | |
| 38724378 | Muhammad the Great | Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century | 47 | |
| 38724379 | Hausa | Combined Muslim and pagan traditions; emerged following the demise of Songhay Empire among the Hausa peoples of northern Nigeria, based on cities such as Kano | 48 | |
| 38724380 | Sharia | Islamic law; defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance | 49 | |
| 38724381 | Constantinople | / | 50 | |
| 38724382 | Hagia Sophia | New church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian | 51 | |
| 38724383 | Justinian | Eastern Roman emperor between 527 and 565 c.e.; tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman law | 52 | |
| 38724384 | Belisarius | One of Justinian's most important military commanders during period of reconquest of western Europe; commanded in North Africa and in Italy | 53 | |
| 38724385 | Bulgaria | Slavic kingdom est in N portions of the Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure of Byz Emp; defeated by Emp Basil II in 1014 | 54 | |
| 38724386 | Church Split two religions | / | 55 | |
| 38724387 | Cyril and Methodius | missionary sent by Byz govt to E euro and Balkans | 56 | |
| 38724388 | Cyrillic | Written script for Slavic | 57 | |
| 38724389 | Jews | / | 58 | |
| 38724390 | Kievan Rus' | / | 59 | |
| 38724391 | Vladimir | Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity | 60 | |
| 38724392 | Russian Orthodox Church | / | 61 | |
| 38724393 | Yaroslav | last of great Kievan monarchs; issued legal codification based on formal codes developed in Byzantine | 62 | |
| 38724394 | Boyars | Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe | 63 | |
| 38724395 | Tartars | Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy intact | 64 | |
| 38724396 | Manoralism | System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land | 65 | |
| 38724397 | Serfs | Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages | 66 | |
| 38724398 | Moldboard | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system | 67 | |
| 38724399 | Three-field system | 9 cen W Euro; one third spring gains, one third fallow | 68 | |
| 38724400 | Monasteries | / | 69 | |
| 38724401 | Charlemagne | Charles the great; carolignian monarch who est emp in France and Germany in 800 | 70 | |
| 38724402 | Regional Monarchies | / | 71 | |
| 38724403 | Feudalism | The social organization created during the Middle Ages by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service | 72 | |
| 38724404 | Vassals | Members of the military elite in the Middle Ages who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 73 | |
| 38724405 | William the Conquerer | Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy | 74 | |
| 38724406 | Magna Carta | confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy | 75 | |
| 38724407 | Parliments | bodies representing priviledge groups | 76 | |
| 38724408 | Expansionist impulse | / | 77 | |
| 38724409 | Crusades | Series of military adventures initially launched by W Christians to free the Holy Land from the Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establising Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and ectermination of heresy | 78 | |
| 38724410 | Investiture Contraversy | Practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 79 | |
| 38724411 | Peter Abelard and Thomas Aquinas | Peter - Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; Thomas - creator of one of greatsynthesis of medival thinking; author of several summas; believe that throughreason it was porrible to know much about narutal order, moral law, and God | 80 | |
| 38724412 | Bernard of Clairvaux | Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities | 81 | |
| 38724413 | Scholasricism | Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 82 |
