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| 5156331472 | Orientalism | study of eastern languages and literature; became associated with Imperialism and received a negative connotation | 0 | |
| 5156334781 | Afghania | name of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa North-West province of Pakistan | 1 | |
| 5156337262 | NWFP | North West Frontier Province | 2 | |
| 5156337264 | KPK | same region as NWFP | 3 | |
| 5160233967 | Punjab (Chandigarh), Sindh (Karachi), Balochistan (Quetta), NWFP (Peshawar District) | 4 Provinces and their Capitals | 4 | |
| 5156343665 | Tribal Agencies (FATA) | federally appointed agents that oversee/arbitrate based on the Frontier Crimes Regulations (tribal law) | 5 | |
| 5160241075 | Azad Kashmir | disputed region; India-Pakistan line of control; self-governing administrative region of Pakistan; referred to as the "Pakistan-administered Kashmir" by the UN | 6 | |
| 5156351783 | Northern Areas (Gilgit-Baltistan) | also part of the disputed region between India and Pakistan, and China | 7 | |
| 5156354304 | National Language | Urdu, only 10% of the population speaks it | 8 | |
| 5156356607 | Official Languages | English and Urdu | 9 | |
| 5156356608 | Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, Laki, Marwat, Tank | Frontier Regions | 10 | |
| 5160045175 | Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Balochi, Persian | 5 other major Languages of Pakistan | 11 | |
| 5156359298 | Umayyads | 2nd caliphate after Muhammad; capital was Damascus from 661-744 | 12 | |
| 5156362217 | Muhammad b. Qasim | 695-715; Umayyad Caliphate who conquered Sindh and Multan- allowed for greater expansion later on | 13 | |
| 5156367387 | Abbasids | followed the Umayyad Caliphate; based in Baghad; overthrew by the slave guards who took overe the palace and allowed certain portions of the Empire to go independent; Caliph was still "in power" because the guards couldn't rule without legitimacy- developed their own basis of power | 14 | |
| 5156369524 | Samanids | Sunni Persian 839-999; they were derived from the slave guards that broke away from the Abbasids; settled in Balkh, Persia; expanded into Central Asia and some of their slave guards declared themselves independent and moved further east, creating new groups | 15 | |
| 5156371226 | Ghaznavids | Modern day Afghanistan, 962-1186; replaced the Samanids | 16 | |
| 5156375137 | Ghurds | replaced the Ghaznavids in 1186; ruled in Delhi | 17 | |
| 5156377949 | Sultanates of Delhi | stopped ruling in the name of the Abbasid King and instead ruled autonomously, they had no religious authority; they were very successful, relatively stable, developed great wealth, and were patrons of the art | 18 | |
| 5156381991 | Lodhis | 5th Sultanate of Delhi; 1451-1526; | 19 | |
| 5160109409 | Slave Dynasty | 1st Sultanate of Delhi; 1206-1290 | 20 | |
| 5160056026 | Khaljis | 2nd Sultanate of Delhi; 1290-1320; Ala al-Din Khalji: tried to keep the cost of living low so the wages of soldiers could be low | 21 | |
| 5160056027 | Tughlugs | 3rd Sultanate of Delhi; 1320-1414; | 22 | |
| 5160058467 | Sayyids | 4th Sultanate of Delhi; 1414-1451; | 23 | |
| 5156390021 | Mughals | descendants of Chinghiz Khan and Timur Lang; ruled the Indian subcontinent from 1526-1857 | 24 | |
| 5156398123 | Babur | Ruler of Kabul & Ghazni; conquered Delhi | 25 | |
| 5160005115 | Akbar | 1556-1605; East India Company grew; achieved religious and political peace | 26 | |
| 5160007242 | Jahangir | 1605-1627; East India Company was granted exclusive trading rights | 27 | |
| 5160009523 | Shah Jahan | 1592-1666; wanted to expand the empire- greatly expanded the military; built the Taj Mahal | 28 | |
| 5160011780 | Aurangzeb | 1618-1707; religiously conservative, overturned a lot of Akbar's reforms; tried very hard to annex Decca | 29 | |
| 5156400259 | Sufis | mystical Islam | 30 | |
| 5156402819 | Suhrawardis | Sufi- sect; austere relative to other orders; very neo-platonic (the notion of the oneness of all beings); intolerant of Buddhists and Hindus; Similar to Hinduism which caused controversy; accepted the unity of all exists; spread to South Asia post 1258 | 31 | |
| 5156402821 | Chishtis | Sufi-sect; ecstatic, experimental; harmonize Islam and Indian culture; most popular in India by the 18th century | 32 | |
| 5156405097 | Qadiris | Sufi-sect; named for Abd al-Qadir Gilani; more Sharia minded | 33 | |
| 5156407715 | Naqshbandis | Sufi-sect; late 14th century originating in Bukhara and having greater popularity in urban areas; 17th century reformer Sirhindi- operated during colonialism, associated with militant anti-colonialism; examined their religion because they thought they were being punished with colonialism | 34 | |
| 5156414052 | East India Company | joint stock company seeking trade with the East Indies; ruled India with private armies; grew under Akbar, granted exclusive rights under Jahangir; | 35 | |
| 5156416119 | Battle of Plassey | 1757; victory of the EIC over Bengal; Bengali Nawabs (Muslims) took British people hostage (Black Hole of Calcutta), British aligned with the Nawab's rival; EIC took control of Bengal during this timel | 36 | |
| 5156418222 | Black Hole of Calcutta | British POW's were held hostage and died in a dungeon in Calcutta | 37 | |
| 5156422751 | Indian Rebellion of 1857-Sepoy Rebellion | rebellion of 1857; preceeded by several rebellions; began when new cartridges were introduced into the military that were rumored to contain pig and cow fat as the grease → the practice was to bite the cartridge to prepare it but consuming pig and cow violated Muslim and Hindu religious laws (respectively) → pushed the Hindus and Muslims to fight together against the British; British made an example out of them so that no one would try to rebel again | 38 | |
| 5156424709 | Chaudry Rahmat Ali | one of the earliest proponents for the creation of an independent Pakistan | 39 | |
| 5156424710 | Farangi Mahal | location of the first Dar-I Nizami- the first curriculum of Islam | 40 | |
| 5156427199 | Shah Wali Allah of Delhi: | Sought to make the Mughals great again and to bring back to the authority of the Mughal Empire by reforming and strengthening the Islamic education; main reforms included pushing back against the approach to the world view that had become dominant in the South Asian context whereby whatever happens is what God wills → strongly believed that God knew everything and could not be surprised therefore your actions in life were already known in God's eyes → wanted to stop this thought to stop South Asians from sitting back and watching God's plan unfold- wanted them to take actions, stop being so passive- the future is not entirely written | 41 | |
| 5156429275 | Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi: | died 1831; continued Shah Wali Allah's ideas; first to go on record calling for a military jihad- issued it on the grounds that the British were invaders and therefore the task had fallen to the people to defend themselves (Rules of Jihad: There is an individual obligation in which everyone is responsible for, such as praying, upholding the pillars of Islam. There is also a collective obligation that befall the entire community to make sure that everything is done, that there are enough teachers, builders, bakers, etc. to sustain the community. Defense against invaders is a collective obligation, but if there are not enough soldiers it becomes an individual obligation where every able bodied person is expected to serve) | 42 | |
| 5156430944 | Ahli-I Hadith | conservative religious movement founded by Sayyid Nazeer Hussein that rejects Islam's folk practices in India and encourages going back to the Quran and Hadith- the Hadith was especially important because it could be translated during the period when the Quran was not allowed to be translated out of Arabic | 43 | |
| 5156433130 | Delhi College | College founded by Ghaziuddin Khan, a general of Aurangzeb | 44 | |
| 5156435904 | Dar al-Ulum/Deoband | Islamic learning center created by the Muslims to save the Indian culture from British enslavement | 45 | |
| 5156438336 | S. Sayyid Ahmad Khan | Knighted founder of the Aligarh Muslim University founded in 1875. The university had the support of the British which made his efforts to teach a modern English curriculum successful. He wanted to make Muslims competitive citizens, but this pitted the attendees of the University against the traditional anti-British population | 46 | |
| 5156441430 | Congress Party | political party founded in 1885 by Hindus, Muslims, and the British. They wanted the right to self-rule and to be more of a commonwealth than an occupied territory. It contributed to the rise of Indian nationalism through its combined communal identities formed by members. | 47 | |
| 5156443795 | Partition of Bengal | The first partition of India and occurred in 1905 under the Viceroy Lord Curson. Triggered by the formation of the Congress Party, which joined the Muslims and the Hindus. In an attempt to weaken the party, the British convinced the Muslims that they would be grateful for the British giving them independence and empowering them against the majority of the Hindus. Their plan worked and the Muslims supported the partition of Bengal and it pitted the Hindus against the Muslims. | 48 | |
| 5156447016 | All India Muslim League | A political party formed in 1906 in Bengal with the intention to protect the political rights of Muslims in India. They boycotted British goods and were vital to the Pakistan State movement | 49 | |
| 5156449742 | Morely-Minto Reforms | In 1909, the British relented (somewhat) and allowed Indians to be elected to the provincial governments they had set up. In this process they made the Muslims a separate electorate and had their votes counted twice, the Muslims who were only ¼ of the population suddenly had ½ of the votes thus upsetting the other communities. The British did this to garner Muslim support for British rule over India. | 50 | |
| 5156451983 | Defense of India Act (1915) | emergency criminal law enacted by the Governor-General of India with the intention of curtailing the nationalist and revolutionary activities during and in the aftermath of the First World War | 51 | |
| 5156454135 | Government of India Act (1935) | This was the last constitution of British India that reorganized the provinces and princely states, allowed more direct elections to the provincial ruling bodies (however they had no power outside of the province). In the National Election of 1937 they didn't include Muslims in the ministries, which played into the fears of the Muslim population about being marginalized and outnumbered by the Hindus. This was in place until 1947 | 52 | |
| 5156456186 | Lahore Resolution | In 1940, Jinnah announced this. The Muslim League specifies where Pakistan will be (geographical units in which Muslims were the majority) and declared that these would autonomous states BUT there is no mention about an independent India or any mention of the British. The Religious authorities were opposed. The driving force for the movement came from North India NOT the region that would make-up Pakistan. | 53 | |
| 5156458574 | Simla Conference | This conference occurred in 1945. Here the Viceroy suggested a long for separate representation for Muslims | 54 | |
| 5156460542 | Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Leader of the All Muslim League from 1913 until 1947, the creation of Pakistan. He is credited with being the founder of Pakistan, where he served as its first Governor General. | 55 | |
| 5156460543 | Waqf | endowment made by a Muslim to a religious, educational, or charitable cause | 56 | |
| 5156463163 | Dars-I nizami | first curriculum of Islam, founded in the Farangi Mahal | 57 | |
| 5156465780 | Ijtihad | Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question | 58 | |
| 5156468368 | Madhhabsim | School of thought within Islamic jurisprudence | 59 | |
| 5156470611 | Nawab | Muslim governor/individual with high status | 60 | |
| 5156470612 | Raja | non Muslims | 61 | |
| 5156472598 | Zamindar | landowner, especially one who leases his land to tenant farmers | 62 | |
| 5156474931 | Nehru | the first Prime Minister of India | 63 | |
| 5156477215 | Gandhi | led the peaceful movement for Indian independence from the British. However, he broke ranks with Jinnah and the Muslim community because he focused on the secular not the religious. Also, people believed that he was favoring the Hindu community and Jinnah accused him and Congress of trying to "Hinduize politics". Additionally, he wanted one India while Jinnah wanted separate states. | 64 | |
| 5156477216 | Khilafat Movement | 1919-1922 was led by the Ali brothers to protect the religious successor to Muhammad after the Ottomans had been defeated. Congress and Gandhi both supported the movement but increasing tensions between Muslims and Hindus weakened the movement. The Ali brothers were accused of corruption, which also weakened the movement. | 65 | |
| 5156484275 | Jamaati-I Islami | Islamic political organization and social conservative movement founded in 1941 in British India by the Islamist theologian and philosopher Abul ala Maududi | 66 | |
| 5156486489 | Muhammad Iqbal | He is credited with inspiring the Pakistan Movement and presented the idea of a separate state of Pakistan within or without British India, he didn't care if it was in British India or not, as long as they were independent. It was an idealistic approach to reality. He was a philosopher, poet in the line of Shah Wali Allah. He believed in strengthening society by strengthening the individual and strengthening the law and is called the "Father of Pakistan | 67 | |
| 5156489171 | Durand Line | In 1893 the Line was established by the British and formed the boarder between Pakistan and Afghanistan (it used to be between India and Afghanistan). It is not recognized now but Afghanistan used to recognize it to keep the British from invading. However, it was a very permeable border because its 1500 miles long and in the mountains and desert- areas that cannot be fully guarded | 68 |
