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| 421971652 | 7 major perspectives in contemporary psychology | 1. Biological perspective 2. Psychodynamic perspective 3. Behavioral perspective 4. Humanistic perspective 5. Cognitive perspective 6. Cross-cultural perspective 7. Evolutionary perspective | |
| 421971653 | Abraham Maslow | 1908-1970 American humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation. | |
| 421971654 | Behavioral perspective | The perspective that emphasizes observable behaviors and the fundamental laws of learning. John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner. | |
| 421971655 | Behaviorism | School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning. | |
| 421971656 | Biological Perspective | The perspective that emphasizes studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics. | |
| 421971657 | Biological Psychology | Concerned with the links between brain and mind, as well as the role of the endocrine system and the immune system on behavior | |
| 421971658 | Carl Rogers | 1902-1987 American psychologist who founded the school of humanistic psychology. | |
| 421971659 | Case Study | An intensive study of a single individual or small group of individuals. | |
| 421971660 | Charles Darwin | 1809-1882 English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in 'On The Origin of the Species" in 1859. | |
| 421971661 | Clinical Psychology | Concerned with the study, assessment, and treatment of troubled people | |
| 421971662 | Cognitive perspective | The perspective that focuses on the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember infomration, develop language, solve problems, and think. | |
| 421971663 | Cognitive Psychology | Concerned with mental processes, information processing, reasoning, thinking, problem solving, memory, perception, and language | |
| 421971664 | Collectivistic Cultures | Emphasize the needs and goals of the group over those of the individual. | |
| 421971665 | Comparative Psychology | Branch of psychology that studies the behavior of different animal species. | |
| 421971666 | Control Group or Control Condition | In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, except the independent variable or treatment of interest; the group against which changes in the experimental group are compared. | |
| 421971667 | Correlation Coefficient | A numerical indication of the magnitude and direction of the relationship between two variables. | |
| 421971668 | Correlational Study | A research strategy that allows the precise calculation of how strongly related two factors are to each other. | |
| 421971669 | Critical Thinking | The active process of trying to minimize the influence of preconceptions and biases while rationally evaluating evidence, determining the conclusions that can be drawn from evidence, and considering alternative explanations. | |
| 421971670 | Cross-cultural perspective | The perspective that studies how cultural factors influence patterns of behavior. | |
| 421971671 | Cross-Cultural Psychology | Branch of psychology that studies the effects of culture on behavior and mental processes. | |
| 421971672 | Demand Characteristics | In a research study, subtle cues or signals expressed by the researcher that communicate the kind or response or behavior that is expected from the participants. | |
| 421971673 | Dependent variable | The factor that is observed and measured for change in an experiment; thought to be influenced by the independent variable. | |
| 421971674 | Descriptive Research Methods | Scientific procedures that involve systematically observing behavior in order to describe the relationship among behaviors and events. | |
| 421971675 | Dependent Variable | The factor that is observed and measured for change in an experiment; thought to be influenced by the independent variable. | |
| 421971676 | Developmental Psychology | Concerned with the physical, social, and psychological changes over the lifespan | |
| 421971677 | Double-Blind Study | Experimental technique in which neither the participants nor the researcher interacting with the participants is aware of the group or condition to which participants have been assigned. | |
| 421971678 | Educational psychology | Concerned with the instructional methods and materials used in school settings | |
| 421971679 | Edward B. Titchener | 1867-1927 British-born American psychologist who founded structuralism, the first school of psychology. | |
| 421971680 | Empirical Evidence | Evidence that is based upon objective observation, measurement, and/or experimentation. | |
| 421971681 | Ethnocentrism | The belief that one's own culture/ethnic group is superior to all others, and the related tendency to use one's own culture as a standard by which to judge others. | |
| 421971682 | Evolutionary perspective | The perspective that studies the application of the principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomena. Charles Darwin. | |
| 421971683 | Evolutionary Psychology | The application of principles of evolution, including natural selection, to explain psychological processes and phenomena. | |
| 421971684 | Expectancy Effects | Changes in a subject's behavior produced by the subject's belief that change should happen; also called placebo effects. | |
| 421971685 | Experimental group OR Experimental condition | In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, including the independent variable or treatment of interest. | |
| 421971686 | Experimental Method | A method of investigation used to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor. | |
| 421971687 | Experimental psychology | Concerned with such basic topics as sensory processes, principles of learning, emotion, and motivation | |
| 421971688 | Functionalism | Early school of psychology that emphasized studying the purpose, or function, of behavior and mental experiences. | |
| 421971689 | G. Stanley Hall | 1844-1924 American psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States; founded the American Psychological Association. | |
| 421971690 | health psychology | Concerned with the psychological factors that influence illness and the treatment of illness | |
| 421971691 | Humanistic perspective | The perspective that focuses on the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a person's self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one's potential. Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow. | |
| 421971692 | Humanistic Psychology | School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction. | |
| 421971693 | Hypothesis | A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. | |
| 421971694 | Independent Variable | The purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in an experiment; also called the treatment of interest. | |
| 421971695 | Individualistic cultures | Cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group. | |
| 421971696 | Industrial/Organizational psychology | Concerned with behavior in the workplace and the interaction between people and equipment | |
| 421971697 | Ivan Pavlov | 1849-1936 Russian physiologist whose pioneering research on learning contributed to the development of behaviorism; discovered the basic learning process that is now called classical conditioning | |
| 421971698 | John B. Watson | 1878-1958 American psychologist who founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes. | |
| 421971699 | Margaret Floy Washburn | 1871-1939 American psychologist who was the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology in the United States; published research on mental processes in animals. | |
| 421971700 | Mary Whiton Calkins | 1863-1930 American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; established one of the first US psychology research laboratories; first woman president of the American Psychological Association. | |
| 421971701 | Meta-Analysis | A statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of many research studies on a specific topic in order to identify overall trends. | |
| 421971702 | Naturalistic Observation | The systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting. | |
| 421971703 | Negative Correlation | A finding that two factors vary systematically in opposite directions, one increasing as the other decreases. | |
| 421971704 | Operational Definition | A precise description of how the variables in a study will be manipulated or measured. | |
| 421971705 | Paranormal Phenomena | Alleged abilities or events that fall outside the range of normal experience and established scientific explanations. | |
| 421971706 | Personality Psychology | Concerned with individual differences and the characteristics and traits that make each person unique | |
| 421971707 | Placebo Control Group | A control group in which the participants are exposed to a fake independent variable, or placebo. The effects are compared to those of the actual independent variable on the experimental group. | |
| 421971708 | Positive Correlation | A finding that two factors vary systematically in the same direction, increasing or decreasing together. | |
| 421971709 | Practice Effect | Any change in performance that results from mere repetition of a task. | |
| 421971710 | Pseudoscience | A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence. | |
| 421971711 | Psychiatry | Concerned with the medical treatment of psychological disorders | |
| 421971712 | Psychoanalysis | Personality theory and form of psychology that emphasize the role of unconscious factors in personality and behavior. | |
| 421971713 | Psychodynamic Perspective | The perspective that emphasizes the importances of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior or in treating people with psychological problems. Sigmund Freud. | |
| 421971714 | Psychology | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. | |
| 421971715 | Random Assignment | The process of assigning participants to experimental conditions so that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions or groups in the study. | |
| 421971716 | Random Selection | Process in which subjects are selected randomly from a larger group such that every group member has an equal chance of being included in the study. | |
| 421971717 | Replicate | To repeat or duplicate a scientific study in order to increase confidence in the validity of the original findings. | |
| 421971718 | Sample | A selected segment of the population used to represent the group that is being studied. | |
| 421971719 | Scientific Method | A set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researchers in creating questions to investigate, in generating evidence, and in drawing conclusions. | |
| 421971720 | Sigmund Freud | 1856-1939 Austrian physician and founder of psychoanalysis. | |
| 421971721 | Social Psychology | Concerned with group influences on individual behavior | |
| 421971722 | Statistically Significant | A mathematical indication that research results are not very likely to have occurred by chance. | |
| 421971723 | Statistics | A branch of mathematics used by researchers to organize, summarize, and interpret data. | |
| 421971724 | Structuralism | Early school of psychology; most basic components of conscious experiences. | |
| 421971725 | Survey | A questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group. | |
| 421971726 | The 5 key provisions of the APA ethics code for research involving humans. | 1. Informed consent and voluntary participation. 2. Students as research participants must be given alternate activities to participation to fulfill the requirement for credit. 3. No Deception unless both of the following are fulfilled:a.It is not feasible to use alternatives that do not involve deception b.The potential findings justify the use of deception because of their applied value. 4. Confidentiality of information 5. Information about the study and debriefing. | |
| 421971727 | The Steps in the Scientific Method: | 1. Formulate a hypothesis that can be tested empirically. 2. Design the study and collect the data.3. Analyze the data and draw conclusions. 4. Report the findings. | |
| 421971728 | Theory | A tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations. | |
| 421971729 | Variable | A factor that can vary in ways that can be observed, measured, and verified. | |
| 421971730 | Wilhelm Wundt | 1832-1920 German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879. | |
| 421971731 | William James | 1842-1910 American philosopher and psychologist who founded psychology in the United states and established the psychological school called functionalism. |
