Hole's Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 9
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| 6340666128 | Nerve impulses | electrochemical changes that neurons use to transmit information | 0 | |
| 6340666129 | Dendrites | 1 receive electrochemical message while axons send information |  | 1 |
| 6340666130 | axon hillock |  | 2 | |
| 6340666131 | Synapse | junction between two communicating neurons | 3 | |
| 6340666132 | Sensory receptors | found at ends of peripheral neurons; monitor external and internal environments, convert environmental information into nerve impulses | 4 | |
| 6340666133 | Neurilemma | portions of Schwann cells that contain most of cytoplasm and nuclei and are found outside the myelin sheath |  | 5 |
| 6340666134 | Nodes of Ranvier | narrows gaps between Schwann cells |  | 6 |
| 6340666135 | Somatic nervous system | consciously controlled voluntary motor functions (skeletal muscle) | 7 | |
| 6340666136 | Microglial cells | throughout CNS and support neruons and phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris |  | 8 |
| 6340666137 | Autonomic nervous system | controls involuntary activities (effectors) | 9 | |
| 6340666138 | Oligodendrocytes | align along nerve fibers and provide myelin sheath around axons within the brain and the spinal cord |  | 10 |
| 6340666139 | Central nervous system | brain and the spinal cord |  | 11 |
| 6340666140 | Astrocytes | found between neruons and blood vessels 1. provide structural support 2. join parts by cellular processes 3. help regulate concentrations of nutrients and ions within tissue 4. form scar tissue that fills spaces following injury to CNS |  | 12 |
| 6340666141 | Peripheral nervous system | colored green. nerves that connect CNS to other body parts |  | 13 |
| 6340666142 | Functions of CNS and PNS | sensory, integrative, and motor | 14 | |
| 6340666143 | Effectors | muscles that contract and glands that secrete based on nerve impulses | 15 | |
| 6340666144 | Motor functions | tell peripheral nerves to carry impulses from CNS to effectors | 16 | |
| 6340666145 | Sensory neurons | also afferent neurons; carry nerves impulses form body parts into CNS; most are unipolar and some biopolar; specialized receptor ends in dendrites or dendrites closely associated with receptor cells; | 17 | |
| 6340666146 | mixed nerves | carry sensory and motor fibers. most common type of nerve | 18 | |
| 6340666147 | Motor neurons | also efferent neurons; multipolar and carry nerve impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors | 19 | |
| 6340666148 | Neuroglial cells | 1. Outnumbers neurons. 2. Can divide. 3. Provide structural frameworks. 4. Produce components of electrical insulator myelin. 5. Carry on phagocytosis. | 20 | |
| 6340666149 | Ependymal cells | form epithelia-like membrane covering specialized brain parts (choroid plexuses) and forms inner linings that enclose spaces within brain (ventricles) and spinal cord (central canal) |  | 21 |
| 6340666150 | Chromatophilic substance | membranous sacs to rough ER that makes proteins |  | 22 |
| 6340666151 | Schwann cells | 8 found in PNS that form a myelin sheath around axons | | 23 |
| 6340666152 | Myelin sheaths | A. cover large axons |  | 24 |
| 6340666153 | neurofibrils | network of fine threads that extend into the axon |  | 25 |
| 6340666154 | White matter | myelinated axons in CNS |  | 26 |
| 6340666155 | Gray matter | unmyelinated axons in CNS |  | 27 |
| 6340666156 | peripheral | neurons that can regenerate | 28 | |
| 6340666157 | CNS axons | neurons that do not regenerate | 29 | |
| 6340666158 | Multipolar neurons | many processes from cell bodies; found in brain or spinal cord |  | 30 |
| 6340666159 | Bipolar neurons | two processes from cell bodies at each end; specialized parts of eyes, nose, and ears | 31 | |
| 6340666160 | Unipolar neurons | single process that has two branches but functions as a single axon; first branch, peripheral process, is associated with dendrites near peripheral body part and other enters the brain or spinal cord |  | 32 |
| 6340666161 | Interneurons | also association or internuncial neurons; found in CNS; multipolar and link other neurons; may direct incoming sensory impulses to appropriate parts | 33 | |
| 6340666162 | Ganglia | cell bodies of some unipolar neurons aggregate in specialized masses of nervous tissue | 34 | |
| 6340666163 | Nuclei | cell bodies of some interneurons aggregate in specialized masses of nervous tissue. Similar to ganglia, but are within the central nervous system. | 35 | |
| 6340666164 | Synaptic cleft | gap that separates two neurons at a synapse |  | 36 |
| 6340666165 | Pre-synaptic neurons | neuron carrying impulse into synapse | 37 | |
| 6340666166 | Post-synaptic neuron | neuron that receives impulse at the synapse | 38 | |
| 6340666167 | Synaptic transmission | process of crossing the synaptic cleft; one way process | 39 | |
| 6340666168 | Neurotransmitters | biochemicals that carry out synaptic transmission process in the synaptic cleft |  | 40 |
| 6340666169 | Synaptic knob | found at ends of axons |  | 41 |
| 6340666170 | Synaptic vesicles | found in synaptic knobs; releases neurotransmitters; |  | 42 |
| 6340666171 | All-or-none response | Define nerve impulse; when a stimulus of threshold intensity or above is applied to an axon, all impulses carried on that axon are of the same strength | 43 | |
| 6340666172 | Refractory period | short time following nerve impulse in which another impulse will not be triggered. 1. limits impulse frequency 2. ensures impulse goes in one direction - down the axon | 44 | |
| 6340666173 | Excitatory | turning a process on or increase | 45 | |
| 6340666174 | Inhibitory | turning a process off or decrease | 46 | |
| 6340666175 | epineurium | 4 outer covering of a nerve |  | 47 |
| 6340666176 | perineurium | 3 covering of fascicles of nerve fibers | | 48 |
| 6340666177 | endoneurium | 2 covering of individual nerve fibers | | 49 |
| 6340666178 | reflex arc | what is pictured |  | 50 |
| 6340666179 | reflexes | automatic response to changes in or out of the body | 51 | |
| 6340666180 | Polarization of cell membranes | occur due to unequal distribution of positive and negative ions between sides of the membranes; allows for conduction of muscle and nerve impulses; | 52 | |
| 6340666181 | meninges | E |  | 53 |
| 6340666182 | pia mater | B is very thin and contains many nerves and blood vessels that nourish underlying cells of the brain and spinal cord. | | 54 |
| 6340666183 | Arachnoid Mater | C a thin weblike membrane with blood vessels that lies between the other two | | 55 |
| 6340666184 | dura mater | D Continues into the vertebral canal as a strong tubular sheath that surrounds the spinal cord | | 56 |
| 6340666185 | spinal cord | Begins at the base of the brain at the foreman magnum and extends as a slender cord to the level of the intervertebral disc between the first and second lumbar vertebrae |  | 57 |
| 6340666186 | spinal nerves | 7 Nerves that branch to various body parts and connect them with the central nervous system |  | 58 |
| 6340666187 | anterior horn |  | 59 | |
| 6340666188 | lateral horn |  | 60 | |
| 6340666189 | central canal |  | 61 | |
| 6340666190 | posterior horn |  | 62 | |
| 6340666191 | posterior median sulcus |  | 63 | |
| 6340666192 | ascending tracts | part of the spinal cord that Carries sensory information to the brain | 64 | |
| 6340666193 | descending tracts | part of the spinal cord that Carries motor instructions from the brain to muscles and glands. | 65 | |
| 6340666194 | cerebrum | Consists of two large masses left and right |  | 66 |
| 6340666195 | corpus callosum | A flat bundle of nerve fibers that connects left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum |  | 67 |
| 6340666196 | gyri | raised features of the brain. ridges |  | 68 |
| 6340666197 | sulcus | indents or shallow grooves in the brain matter |  | 69 |
| 6340666198 | brain fissure | 4, 5 or 10. A deep groove in the brain matter |  | 70 |
| 6340666199 | frontal lobe | primary motor areas of the brain |  | 71 |
| 6340666200 | parietal lobe |  | 72 | |
| 6340666201 | temporal lobe |  | 73 | |
| 6340666202 | occipital lobe | Part of the brain that senses hearing |  | 74 |
| 6340666203 | central sulcus |  | 75 | |
| 6340666204 | Lateral sulcus |  | 76 | |
| 6340666205 | Broca's area | motor speech area |  | 77 |
| 6340666206 | wernicke's area | sensory speech area |  | 78 |
| 6340666207 | basal nuclei |  | 79 | |
| 6340666208 | insula lobe |  | 80 | |
| 6340666209 | cerebral cortex |  | 81 | |
| 6340666210 | cerebellum | Functions to integrate sensory information about the position of body parts and coordinates skeletal muscle activity and maintains posture |  | 82 |
| 6340666211 | diencephalon | Is located between the cerebral hemispheres and above the midbrain. Is composed largely of gray matter |  | 83 |
| 6340666212 | brainstem | A bundle of nervous tissue that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord consists of many tracts and several nuclei |  | 84 |
| 6340666213 | midbrain | A short section of the brain stem. it contains bundles of myelinated axons that join lower parts of the brain stem and spinal cord with higher parts of the brain |  | 85 |
| 6340666214 | pons | A rounded bulge on the underside of the brainstem. Separates the midbrain from the medulla oblongata. Contains centers that help regulate the rate and depth of breathing |  | 86 |
| 6340666215 | medulla oblongata | Extends from the pons to the foramen magnum of the skull |  | 87 |
| 6340666216 | thalamus | Bulges into the third ventricle from each side. is a central relay station for sensory impulses ascending from other parts of the nervous system to the cerebral cortex and channels them to the appropriate regions of the cortex for interpretation |  | 88 |
| 6340666217 | choroid plexuses | D. tiny reddish cauliflower like masses of specialized capillaries. Secrete cerebrospinal fluid and project into the ventricles |  | 89 |
| 6340666218 | hypothalamus | Lies below the thalamus and forms the lower walls and floor of the third ventricle. Maintains homeostasis by regulating a variety of visceral activities and by linking the nervous and endocrine systems |  | 90 |
| 6340666219 | lateral ventricles | A series of connected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem and are filled with cerebrospinal fluid |  | 91 |
| 6340666220 | Interventricular foramen | Connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle |  | 92 |
| 6340666221 | Cerebral aqueduct | 2 Connects the third and fourth ventricles |  | 93 |
| 6340666222 | third ventricle |  | 94 | |
| 6340666223 | reticular formation | A complex network of nerve cells throughout the brainstem, hypothalamus, cerebrum, cerebellum and basal ganglia connecting tiny islands of gray matter. | 95 | |
| 6340666224 | cranial nerves | 12 pairs of mixed nerves that arise from the underside of the brain and all are numbered as well as named. | 96 | |
| 6340666225 | Spinal nerves | 31 pairs of mixed nerves that are numbered in sequence from their place of origin | 97 | |
| 6340666226 | Cervical plexuses | 1 . 4 upper pairs of nerves in the neck area |  | 98 |
| 6340666227 | intercostal nerves | 4. 12 pairs of nerves near the ribs | | 99 |
| 6340666228 | lumbar nerves | Five pairs of nerves in the lower back |  | 100 |
| 6340666229 | sacral nerves | Five pairs of nerves off the vertebrae that are inferior to lumbar |  | 101 |
| 6340666230 | coccygeal nerves | 10 One pair of nerves that are most inferior on the spine |  | 102 |
| 6340666231 | Plexuses | The main branches of most spinal nerves form networks called | 103 | |
| 6340666232 | Resting potential | potential difference in resting nerve cell | 104 | |
| 6340666233 | Events leading to conduction of a nerve impulse | 1. neuron membrane maintains resting potential 2. threshold stimulus is received 3. sodium channels in the trigger zone of the neuron open 4. sodium ions diffuse inward, depolarizing the membrane 5. potassium channels in the membrane open 6. potassium ions diffuse outward, repolarizing the membrane 7. the resulting action potential causes a local bioelectric current that stimulates adjacent portions of the membrane 8. a wave of action potentials travels the length of the axon as a nerve impulse | 105 |
