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| 5023744653 | Three types of muscle tissues | - skeletal muscle - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle | 0 | |
| 5023744654 | Skeletal muscle | - usually attached to bone - voluntary - somatic - striated - multiple nuclei | 1 | |
| 5023744655 | somatic | widely distributed | 2 | |
| 5023744656 | Cardiac muscle | - wall of heart - involuntary - autonomic - striated - single nucleus - inter-collated disc | 3 | |
| 5023744657 | Smooth muscle | - walls of most viscera, blood vessels, and skin - autonomic - not striated - single nucleus - spindle shaped | 4 | |
| 5023744658 | Fascia | connective tissue surrounding each muscle | 5 | |
| 5023744659 | Tendon | - cord-like connective tissue - collegan fibers intertwine with periosteum on bone | 6 | |
| 5023744660 | Aponeuroses | - broad, fibrous sheet of connective tissue - may attach to bone or the coverings of adjacent muscles | 7 | |
| 5023744661 | Muscle coverings | - epimysium - perimysium - endomysium | 8 | |
| 5023744662 | Epimysium | thin layer of connective tissue that closely surrounds a skeletal muscle |  | 9 |
| 5023744663 | Perimysium | surrounds fascicles within muscles |  | 10 |
| 5023744664 | Endomysium | surrounds muscle fibers (cells) within fascicle |  | 11 |
| 5023744665 | Skeletal muscle fiber | a single muscle cell | 12 | |
| 5023744666 | Sarcolemma | muscle cell membrane | 13 | |
| 5023744667 | Sarcoplasma | - cytoplasma | 14 | |
| 5023744668 | Myofibrils | - play a major role in muscle contraction - long, parallel structures composed of overlapping protein filaments | 15 | |
| 5023744669 | Myosin | thick protein filament | 16 | |
| 5023744670 | Actin | thin protein filament | 17 | |
| 5023744671 | Myofibrils structure | - produce striations - form a repeating pattern of units called sarcomeres | 18 | |
| 5023744672 | Sarcomeres | the functional unit of muscle contraction | 19 | |
| 5023744673 | Striation pattern | made by arrangements of myofilaments in myofibrils | 20 | |
| 5023744674 | I band | only thin actin filaments (light) | 21 | |
| 5023744675 | A band | thick and thin - myosin and actin (dark) | 22 | |
| 5023744676 | H zone | area with only thick myosin filaments | 23 | |
| 5023744677 | Z line | in the center of I bands (where actin is attached) | 24 | |
| 5023744678 | M line | thickening in A band (where myosin filament is anchored) | 25 | |
| 5023744679 | A sarcomere extends | from one Z line to the next | 26 | |
| 5023744680 | Thick filaments (myosin) | - myosin molecules - twisted protein strands called heads | 27 | |
| 5023744681 | Thin filaments (actin) | - double strand of actin - troponin - tropomyosin | 28 | |
| 5023744682 | Double strand of actin | each molecule has a binding site for the myosin head | 29 | |
| 5023744683 | titin | elastic myofilament - myosin filaments are attached to z line by this large protein | 30 | |
| 5023744684 | Troponin | attached to actin | 31 | |
| 5023744685 | Tropomyosin | long rod-like, lie in grooves on the actin helix | 32 | |
| 5023744686 | Sarcoplasmic reticulum | network of membranous channels that surround the myofibril (= endoplasmic reticulum of other cells) | 33 | |
| 5023744687 | Muscle contraction | - movement within the myofibrils - the actin and myosin filaments slide past one another - shortening the sarcomeres - muscles fibers shortens | 34 | |
| 5023744688 | Neurons | conduct action potentials (impluses) along axons to target organs | 35 | |
| 5023744689 | Synapse | neuromuscular junction / myoneural junction - site where a motor neuron axon and muscle fiber meet | 36 | |
| 5023744690 | neurotransmitters | cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the motor end plate of the muscle cell | 37 | |
| 5023744691 | Parts of a synapse | - motor neuron - motor end plate - synaptic cleft - synaptic vesicles - neurotransmitters | 38 | |
| 5023744692 | Motor neurons | - cause a reaction - transmit impulses to effector | 39 | |
| 5023744693 | Motor end plate | area of muscle cell where neuron and muscle meet (indention) | 40 | |
| 5023744694 | Synaptic cleft | space between the neuron and the muscle fiber | 41 | |
| 5023744695 | Synaptic vesicles | - contain neurotransmitters - located at the end of the axon | 42 | |
| 5023744696 | Axon terminal | end of axon | 43 | |
| 5023744697 | acetylcholine (ACh) | the neurotransmitter that motor neurons use to control skeletal muscle contraction | 44 | |
| 5023744698 | ACh (Acetylcoline) | _______ generates a muscle impulse which reaches the SR and triggers release of calcium ions into sarcoplasm of muscle fiber which leads to muscle contraction | 45 | |
| 5023744699 | Calcium | binds to troponin to change its shape | 46 | |
| 5023744700 | Troponin | pulls the tropomyosin off the binding sites - exposing binding sites on actin | 47 | |
| 5023744701 | sliding filament model | when sarcomeres shorten, thick and thin filaments slide past one another - H zones and I bands narrow - Z lines move closer together | 48 | |
| 5023744702 | cross bridge cycling | myosin head attaches to actin binding site - pulls thin filament - ADP and phosphate released from myosin - linkage between actin and myosin break - ATP splits - goes back to original position | 49 | |
| 5023744703 | Acetylcholinesterase | rapidly decomposes ACh remaining in the synapse - stopping muscle impulse | 50 | |
| 5023744704 | Relaxation | - muscle impulse stops - calcium moves back into sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) - myosin and actin binding prevented | 51 | |
| 5023744705 | Energy sources for contraction | - creatine phosphate - cellular respiration | 52 | |
| 5023744706 | Creatine phosphate | - stores energy that quickly converts to ADP and ATP - stored in cells | 53 | |
| 5023744707 | Cellular respiration - anerobic | - glycolysis - occurs in cytoplasm - produces little ATP (2) | 54 | |
| 5023744708 | Cellular respiration - aerobic | - citric acid cycle - electron transport system - occurs in the mitochondria - produces most ATP - myoglobin stores extra oxygen | 55 | |
| 5023744709 | myoglobin | molecule that stores oxygen until we need it - give red color to muscles | 56 | |
| 5023744710 | oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed by liver cells to use the accumulated lactic acid to produce glucose and to restore muscle ATP and creatine phosphate concentrations | 57 | |
| 5023744711 | muscle fatigue | inability to contract muscle - decreased blood flow - Ion imbalances across the sarcolemma - accumulation of lactic acid | 58 | |
| 5023744712 | cramp | sustained, involuntary muscle contraction | 59 | |
| 5023744713 | threshold stimulus | minimal strength required to cause contraction | 60 | |
| 5023744714 | twitch | the contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a single impulse | 61 | |
| 5023744715 | latent period | brief delay between the time of stimulation and the beginning of contraction (2 milliseconds) | 62 | |
| 5023744716 | myogram of a single muscle twitch | - latent period - period of contraction - period of relaxation | 63 | |
| 5023744717 | refractory period | small time at the end of muscle twitch when muscle can not be stimulated again | 64 | |
| 5023744718 | all-or-none response | - if a muscle fiber is going to contract it will contract completely | 65 | |
| 5023744719 | overly shortened muscle | - length-tension relationship not optimal, no where to go | 66 | |
| 5023744720 | overly stretched muscle | - length-tension relationship not optimal, not much strength | 67 | |
| 5023744721 | summation | process by which individual twitches combine - produces sustained contractions - can lead to tetanic contractions | 68 | |
| 5023744722 | tetanic | sustained contraction (think - lock jaw) | 69 | |
| 5023744723 | motor unit | motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls | 70 | |
| 5023744724 | recruitment | increase number of motor units activated | 71 | |
| 5023744725 | more precise movements | produced with fewer muscle fibers within a motor unit | 72 | |
| 5023744726 | smaller motor units | - smaller diameter axons - recruited first | 73 | |
| 5023744727 | larger motor units | - larger diameter axons - recruited as intensity of stimulation increase | 74 | |
| 5023744728 | sustained contractions | allow muscle to produce smooth movements | 75 | |
| 5023744729 | muscle tone | continuous state of partial contraction | 76 | |
| 5023744730 | slow-twitch muscle fibers (Type I) | big muscle groups / red fibers - produce ATP oxidatively - slow to fatigue - most myoglobin - good blood supply | 77 | |
| 5023744731 | fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (Type IIb) | white fibers / found in hands and eyes - less myoglobin - poorer blood supply - fewer mitochondria = reduced respiratory capacity - more SR - susceptible to fatigue | 78 | |
| 5023744732 | fast-twitch fatigue-resistant fibers (Type IIa) | intermediate fibers / pink to red in color - produce ATP oxidatively - intermediate amount of myoglobin - resistant to fatigue - distributed widely throughout body | 79 | |
| 5023744733 | smooth muscle | - shorter muscle fibers than skeletal - single, centrally located nucleus - elongated with tapering ends - lack striations - lack transverse tubules - sarcoplasmic reticula not well developed | 80 | |
| 5023744734 | smooth muscle location | walls of hollow organs | 81 | |
| 5023744735 | major types of smooth muscle (2) | - multi-unit - visceral | 82 | |
| 5023744736 | multi-unit smooth muscle | found in iris of eye and walls of blood vessels - less organized - function as separate units | 83 | |
| 5023744737 | visceral smooth muscle | found in the walls of hollow organs - single-unit smooth muscle - sheets of muscle fibers - held together by gap junctions - exhibit rhythmicity and peristalsis | 84 | |
| 5023744738 | rhythmicity | a pattern of spontaneous repeated contractions | 85 | |
| 5023744739 | peristalsis | wave-like motion - alternate contractions and relaxations of the longitudinal and circular muscles | 86 | |
| 5023744740 | smooth muscle contraction | - calmodulin protein instead of troponin - two neurotransmitters - affected by hormones - stretching can trigger contraction - resistant to fatigue - can change length without changing tautness | 87 | |
| 5023744741 | smooth muscle neurotransmitters | - acetlycholine - norepinephrine | 88 | |
| 5023744742 | norepinephrine | - associated with fight or flight - opens blood vessels to make muscles move faster - stops digestion | 89 | |
| 5023744743 | cardiac muscle | only in the heart - striated - muscle fibers joined together by intercalated discs - fibers branch - network of fibers contracts as a unit (syncytium) | 90 | |
| 5023744744 | syncytium | network of fibers contracting as a unit (all-or-none manner) | 91 | |
| 5023744745 | levers | Bones and muscles interact as simple mechanical devises called ___________. | 92 | |
| 5023744746 | rigid bar | bones | 93 | |
| 5023744747 | fulcrum | joint - point on which the bar moves | 94 | |
| 5023744748 | object | weight - moved against resistance | 95 | |
| 5023744749 | force | muscles - supplies energy for movement | 96 | |
| 5023744750 | origin | immovable end of a muscle | 97 | |
| 5023744751 | insertion | movable end of a muscle | 98 | |
| 5023744752 | prime mover (agonist) | primarily responsible for movement | 99 | |
| 5023744753 | synergist | assist prime mover | 100 | |
| 5023744754 | antagonist | contraction causes movement in the opposite direction of the prime mover | 101 |
