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| 6165518171 | popular sovereignty | -(in the context of the slavery debate) Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery; -seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories | 0 | |
| 6165518172 | Free Soil Party | -from 1848-1854; -antislavery party in the 1848 and 1852 elections that opposed the extension of slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers | 1 | |
| 6165518173 | California gold rush | -began in 1849; -inflow of thousands of miners to Northern California after news reports if the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in January in 1848 had spread around the world by the end of that year; -the onslaught of migrants prompted Californians to organize a government and apply for statehood in 1849 | 2 | |
| 6165518174 | Underground Railroad | -informal network of volunteers that helped runaway slaves escape from the South and reach free-soil Canada; -seeking to halt the flow of run-away slave to the North, Southern planter and congressmen pushed for a stringer fugitive slave law | 3 | |
| 6165518175 | Seventh of March speech | -in 1850; -Daniel Webster's impassioned address urging the North to support of the Compromise of 1850; -Webster agrued that topography and climate would keep slavery from becoming entrenched in Mexican Cession territory and urged Northerners to make all reasonable concessions to prevent diunion | 4 | |
| 6165518176 | Compromise of 1850 | -admitted California as a free state, opening New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law; -widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery | 5 | |
| 6165518177 | Fugitive Slave Law | -in 1850; -passed as part of the Compromise of 1859, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways; -strengthened the antislavery cause in the North | 6 | |
| 6165518178 | Clayton-Bulwer Treaty | -in 1850; -signed by Great Britain and the United States, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would seek to fortify or exclusively control any future isthmian waterway; -later revoked by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty in 1901, which gave the United States control of the Panama Canal | 7 | |
| 6165518179 | Ostend Manifesto | -in 1854; -secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest military Cuba from Spain; -once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North | 8 | |
| 6165518180 | Opium War | -from 1839-1842; -war between Britain and China over trading rights, particularly Britain's desire to continue selling opium to Chinese traders; -the resulting trade agreement prompted Americans to seek similar concessions from the Chinese | 9 | |
| 6165518181 | Treaty of Wanghia | -in 1844; -signed by the U.S. and China, it assured the United Stated the same trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding America's trade with the Chinese | 10 | |
| 6165518182 | Treaty of Kanagawa | -in 1854; -ended Japan's two-hundred year period of economic isolation, established an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports | 11 | |
| 6165518183 | Gadsden Purchase | -in 1853; -acquired additional land from Mexico for 10 million to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad | 12 | |
| 6165518184 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | -in 1854; -proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise; -introduced by Stephen Douglass in as effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad | 13 | |
| 6165518185 | Lewis Cass | 1848 Democratic candidate known as the Father of Popular Sovereignty | 14 | |
| 6165518186 | Zachary Taylor | (1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore. | 15 | |
| 6165518187 | Harriet Tubman | American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom. | 16 | |
| 6165518188 | Millard Fillmore | (1850-1853) The Fugitive Slave Act was passed in 1850. California becomes a free state, territories chose popular sovereignty, Uncle Tom's Cabin. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise. | 17 | |
| 6165518189 | Franklin Pierce | Democrat (1853-1857), Candidate from the North who could please the South. His success in securing the Gadsden Purchase was overshadowed by the controversy surrounding the Ostend Manifesto, the Kansas Nebraska Act and "Bleeding Kansas." Passions over slavery had been further inflamed, and the North and South were more irreconcilable than before. He succeeded only in splitting the country further apart. | 18 | |
| 6165518190 | William Walker | A proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control on Nicaragua in 1855. He wanted to petition for annexation it as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made. | 19 | |
| 6165518191 | Caleb Cushing | Massachusetts born Congressman and diplomat who "opened" China to U.S. trade, negotiating the Treaty of Wanghia in 1844. | 20 | |
| 6165518192 | Matthew Perry | A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might. | 21 |
