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| 228099597 | Atlantic System | New system of trade and expansion that linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas. It emerged in the wake of European voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. | |
| 228099598 | plantation | A large-scale agricultural enterprise in the American colonies growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor. | |
| 228099599 | Royal African Company | Joint stock company that was chartered in 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia. | |
| 228099600 | Middle Passage | the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade | |
| 228099601 | quilombos | 1605-1695 There were several of these communities consisting of runaway slaves and they were organized with an elected king. They became a problem for the Dutch and Portuguese because they were 20,000-30,000 in population and they were skilled in guerilla warfare and ambush. They provided the constant allure for slaves to runaway and they would conduct raids to get weapons and food. There were 25 campaigns to shut them down but ended with severe losses. They were well garrisoned communities. On the final expedition the city was burned and they captured the kings family. They struck a peace saying that all slaves they were runaways must be returned but everyone born there could stay | |
| 228099602 | mestizos | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory | |
| 228099603 | buccaneers | Pirates of the Caribbean who governed themselves and preyed on international shipping | |
| 228099604 | consumer revolution | time period during which the desire for exotic imports increased dramatically due to economic expansion and population growth | |
| 228099605 | agricultural revolution | 18th century transformation of farming that resulted from the cultivation of more land, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled. | |
| 228099606 | crop rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. Usually, a livestock fodder crop that replenished the soil was rotated with a cash crop. | |
| 228099607 | selective breeding | Allowing only those animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation of livestock. | |
| 228099608 | enclosure movement | The process by which British landlords consolidated or fenced in smaller farms and common lands to increase the production of cash crops. Parliamentary acts were needed to aid landlords in their acquisition of common lands. | |
| 228099609 | peer | Noble gentry who is a member of the British upper class. They dominated British politics in the 18th century. | |
| 228099610 | The Spectator | The first literary magazine published by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele. | |
| 228099611 | rococo | Art style developed in 18th century France that focuses on pastels, ornate interiors, and sentmental portraits. More subtle, elegant and refined than baroque. | |
| 228099614 | Johann Sebastian Bach | An eighteenth-century German composer, organist, and choirmaster, commonly considered the greatest composer of the baroque era. His output was enormous and includes cantatas, concertos, oratorios, organ pieces, sonatas for solo instruments, and suites for both solo instruments and orchestra; all of it is marked by elaborate counterpoint. Some of his best-known works are the six Brandenburg Concertoes; the Toccata and Fugue in D-minor for organ; and an arrangement of a hymn, "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring," for chorus and orchestra. | |
| 228099615 | George Frederick Handel | An eighteenth-century German-born composer, who spent most of his career in England. He was one of the greatest composers of the Baroque era and is known for "Messiah" and other oratorios, for his concertos, and for his "Water Music". | |
| 228099616 | Eliza Haywood | English novelist who wrote Love in Excess, earned her living turning out a stream of novels that all showed a concern for the proper place of women as models of virtue in a changing world, published a magazine, The Female Spectator, which argued in favor of higher education for women. | |
| 228099617 | Daniel Defoe | An English novelist of teh late 17th and early 18th who created Robinson Crusoe, an exciting tale about a sailor shipwrecked on a tropical island. This book was a commentary on what it took to survive in the 18th century: entrepreneurial ingenuity and the abilityto improvise. | |
| 228099618 | pietism | An 18th century European Protestant movement stressing a deeply emotional commitment to religion. It was meant to rock established religion out of complacency. | |
| 228099619 | Jane Leade | Remarkable disciple of pietism who developed the Philadelphian sect that advocated a universal, dogmatic church open to all Christians. | |
| 228099621 | Jeanne Marie Guyon | Frenchwomen who attracted many noblewomen and a few leading clergymen to her own Catholic brand of Pietism, known as Quietism, claimed miraculous visions and astounding prophecies, urged a mystical union with God through prayer and simple devotion. | |
| 228099624 | William III | Protestant Dutch stadtholder who became king of England; joint ruled with Mary; under their rule Bill of Rights made England a constitutional monarchy. Was the chief rival of Louis XIV and helped establish alliances to defeat the french king. | |
| 228099625 | The War of Spanish Succession | 1701- 1713. War fought between the forces of France and Spain against the Grand Alliance (Britain, Austria and other major countries of Europe). It was fough to keep France and Spain from uniting their thrones into one when the Spanish king died without an heir and left the throne to Louis XIV's grandson. | |
| 228099626 | Charles II | Monarch who succeeded Philip IV in Spain. He was feeble in mind and body. He did not produce an heir, and his selection of Louis XIV's grandson set off the War of Spanisk Succession. | |
| 228099627 | Philip, Duke of Anjou | Grandson of Louis XIV and French duke who was named heir to the Spanish throne after Charles II died. This set off the War of Spanish Succession when Louis suggested that they combine the thrones of Spain and France. | |
| 228099628 | Peace of Utrecht | Treaty that ended the war of Spanish Succession. Philip is able to become king of Spain, but France and Spain cannot unite. Spain surrendered territories in the Netherlands and Italy to Austria and Gibralter to Britain. France ceded some lands in canada to Britain. This ended the territorial expansion of Louis XIV. | |
| 228099630 | Louis XV | Great- grandson of Louis XIV who ascended the throne of France as a 5 year old. | |
| 228099631 | Duke of Orleans | Nephew of Louis XIV who served as a regent for Louis XV. He allowed parlements to and leading nobles have a greater say in government upon the Sun King's death. | |
| 228099632 | John Law | Scots financier and friend of the regent of France. In 1719 , he organized French central bank and the Mississippi Company which had a monopoly of trade with Louisiana. New Orleans was founded in 1718. the Mississippi Company absorbed the French East India Co. and the China, Senegal and Africa Cos. which gave rise to a legal monopoly of French colonial trade. He was allowed to assume the with this company. Bonds were issued and a plan to eleminate the debt and establish tax reform was hatched. There was a frenzy of speculation and prices went sky high - the Mississippi Bubble - then confidence all of a sudden dropped and the "Bubble" burst in 1720. | |
| 228099633 | Hercule de Fleury | 1653- 1743. French Cardinal who was the leading figure of government after the death of the regent Duke of Orleans. He established financial stability in France by establishing peace, balancing the budget, and starting a infrastructure building program. | |
| 228099634 | Queen Anne | Last of Stuart monarchs. She inherited throne from William and Mary because they could not produce heir. She did not have an heir, either, and the throne went to her cousins in Germany. | |
| 228099635 | George I | First of the Hanoverian kings of England. An elector in the HRE, he was more concerned with his German lands and allowed the Cabinet to run Britain. | |
| 228099636 | House of Hanover | Family that reigned as English monarchs from 1714 until the present. Originally from Germany they changed their name to Windsor in WWI. | |
| 228099637 | Jacobitism | A political movement whose goal was to restore the House of Stuart to the English and Scottish throne after James II was deposed in 1688; its most threatening rebellions were in 1715 and 1745. the first was led by James III, who was acknowledge by Louis XVI, but didn't gather enough support. His son, Bonnie Prince Charlie, came close to conquering England, but was eventually defeated by the Duke of Cumberland in the battle of Culloden, bringing Jacobitism to an end. | |
| 228099640 | Bank of England | Founded in 1694 and endured (unlike the French bank). It enabled the government to raise money at low interest for foreign wars. By 1740s, the government could borrow more than four times what it could in the 1690s. | |
| 228099641 | Peter the Great | Tsar of Russia from 1689 to 1725. He continued growth of absolutism and conquest. He sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through forced imitation of western European models. | |
| 228099642 | westernization | The adoption of Western European ideas, technology, and culture. | |
| 228099643 | St. Petersburg | Capitol city of Russia built by Peter the Great. It was on the coast of the Baltic Sea on land taken from the Swedes. It was considered Russia's window to the West and is a symbol of Peter's desire to westernize. | |
| 228099644 | Table of Ranks | An official hierarchy established by Peter the Great in imperial Russia that equated a person's social position and privileges with his rank in the state bureaucracy or army. It was Peter's attempt to control the nobility and allow non- nobles to become nobility (if they reached level 8 of 14 in this hierarchy). | |
| 228099645 | Holy Synod | This was a committee with which Peter the Great replaced the office of patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church. It was a bureaucracy of laymen under his supervision. | |
| 228099646 | Charles XII | Swedish king who organized Swedish forces during the Great Northern War. He first defeated the Danes, then the Russiansin a battle, then invaded Poland and saxony. he was defeated by the Russians at the battle of Poltava (1709) after he invaded that country. He was killed in battle in 1718. | |
| 228099647 | Great Northern War | 1700- 1721. War that begun when Sweden took exception to the creation of an anti- Swedish coalition was created to keep them from dominating the Baltic region. After early success, the Swedish king was killed in battle and the were forced to sign a treaty. | |
| 228099648 | Treaty of Nystad | A treaty that ended the great Northern War. Prussia and Russia are the big winners in this treaty and Poland and Sweden (lose Baltic lands) are the losers. This marks the end of Sweden as a great power. | |
| 228099649 | Battle of Poltava | Battle in the Great North War in which Russia defeated Sweden in 1709. It was a significant battle that helped gain momentum for Russia in the war which helped the become the leading power in Northern Europe. | |
| 228099650 | King Frederick William I | (r. 1713- 1740)The "Seargent King". He built the Prussian army and state into a highly disciplined war machine. | |
| 228099651 | War of Polish Succession | war that began when the king of Poland died without an heir and France and Austria backed rival claims for the throne. The French claimant was driven from the throne and the Austria heir claimed it. France agreed in return for the province of Lorraine. This showed the decline of Poland as a major power. | |
| 228099652 | Ferenc Rakoczi | Wealthy Hungarian noble landlord who raised an army of seventy thousand men in 1703 and fought for "God, Fatherland, and Liberty" until 1711. he was really fighting for more Hungarian independence after being dominated by the Habsburgs. | |
| 228099653 | William Petty | Economist who wrote Political Arithmetick. This offered statistical estimates of human capital, the population and wages, to determine Britain's national wealth. It lead to the desire to create a larger population through better public hygeine and sanitation. | |
| 228099654 | Lady Mary Wortley Montagu | Wife of ambassador to the OE. She saw someone being vaccinated against small pox by inserting a small amount of the disease into your body. She brought this idea back to England and innoculated her children, but it was only continued with some success because sometimes it sometimes proved lethal. | |
| 228099655 | Edward Jenner | In 1796, this British doctor created the smallpox vaccine, from the cowpox virus. The vaccine helped lay the foundation for science of immunology in the 19th century. |
