Scientists and their achievements, Laws, Genetics, and Genetic Disorders
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| 813873470 | Mendel | -worked with Pisum sattivum to discover who traits were passed from parent to offspring -developed 3 laws -no intermediate genes | |
| 813873471 | mendelian laws | -law of segregation -law of dominance -law of independent assortment | |
| 813873472 | emasculation | removal of anthers to ensure a cross-pollination | |
| 813873473 | law of segregation | the law proved by back crossing | |
| 813873474 | law of dominance | one trait is shown over the other (anaphase) | |
| 813873475 | law of independent assortment | there is no linkage between the traits | |
| 813873476 | co-dominance | neither trait is dominant over the other/ both or many alleles are expressed | |
| 813873477 | lack of dominance | a new phenotype that neither parent has | |
| 813873478 | sex-linked traits | -color blindness -muscular dystrophy -hemophilia | |
| 813873479 | pedigree | display of traits through several generations -tells whether X or y linked -dominant or recessive -single or multi-genes | |
| 813873480 | cystic fibrosis | -pleitropy -channel is not working and doesn't bring water through the membrane with the chloride -malnutrition and breathing issues | |
| 813873481 | pleitropy | one gene causes multiple systems | |
| 813873482 | sickle cell disorder | (anemia) -mutant hemoglobin protein can't hold O2 -affects red blood cells and capillaries, clogging the blood paths | |
| 813873483 | protein electrophoresis | moves molecules through the matrix of agarose based on their shape and size | |
| 813873484 | hypercholesterolemia | -LDL abundance at a young age that creates too much cholesterol leading to early heart attacks -can't be prevented by diet -has to do with Receptor Mediated Endocytosis | |
| 813873485 | virus | -not living -needs to invade a host -can't metabolize or self-replicate -bacteriophage | |
| 813873486 | bacteriophage | a virus that attacks bacteria to spread the virus | |
| 813873487 | dna composition | Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphate Nitrogen | |
| 813873488 | Chargoff's Rules | -for every purine there is a prymidine -A=T; C=G | |
| 813873489 | nucleotide | is composed of a nitrogen ring and phosphate | |
| 813873490 | T4 | a bacteriophage | |
| 813873491 | S-35 | sulfur found in many amino acids but not all. | |
| 813873492 | P-32 | phosphorus found in DNA -makes radioactive and can be followed | |
| 813873493 | Hershey and Chase | They discovered whether DNA or bacteria was the host of infection through the creation of a pellet. They discovered that the P-32 radioisotope was radioactive and found within DNA itself and not the bacteriophage. | |
| 814666167 | Fred Griffith | -wants to develop a vaccine for pneumonia -works with mice -works with Avery's molecules | |
| 814666168 | vacine | a collection of materials from a pathogen that is no longer virulent | |
| 814666169 | anigens | components foreign to the body that trigger the cells to make antibodies | |
| 814666170 | clonal expansion | makes more cells | |
| 814666171 | production of antibodies | proteins that attach to anigen | |
| 814666172 | T cells | phagocytes cause allergies | |
| 814666173 | killer T cells | phagocytes that stop cancers | |
| 814666174 | helper T cells | help in general (HIV invade) | |
| 814666175 | B cells | plasma (make antibodies) memory cells that remember the disease | |
| 814666176 | macrophage | eats bacteria and puts receptors -anigen presenter cell notifies the immune system of anigens/ notify B-cell to provide antibodies | |
| 814666177 | transformation factor | Griffithe and Avery worked together to discover the ___________ factor. | |
| 814666178 | How do we know the structure of DNA? | 1. Chargaff's Data G=C base pairing 2. Rosalind Franklin (X-ray crystallography) 3. Maurice Wilkins (mathematician) 4. Watson and Crick (built a model) | |
| 814666179 | Rosalind Franklin | X-ray crystallography | |
| 814666180 | semi-conservative replication | How DNA copies keeping one old stand and adding one new strand. | |
| 814666181 | helicase | enzyme that un-zips or un-winds the DNA | |
| 814666182 | ligase | enzyme that makes the final connection of the DNA strands | |
| 814666183 | polymerase | closes the replication bubbles, fully splitting the DNA strands in two/ | |
| 814666184 | nucleosomes | made up of eight histones that come apart before replication | |
| 814666185 | histones | DNA is wrapped around them by an ionic reaction |
