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HOSA Forensic Medicine 2014 Flashcards

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3408034325Forensic Toxicologyexamination of all aspects of toxicology (the study of drugs and poisons that may have legal implications)0
3408034326Postmortem Drug Testingexamination performed on blood, urine, and/or body tissues to determine if drugs were a contributing factor in a death1
3408034327Contrabandin forensic toxicology and drug testing facilities refers to suspected controlled2
3408034328Vitreous Humorocular fluid (fluid in the eye) that is often utilized as a sample for testing in postmortem toxicology3
3408034329Workplace Drug Testingexamination performed on primary blood and urine from employees or job applicants for drug content4
3408034330NIDAnational institute of drug abuse5
3408034331Accuracyability of a measurement to match the value of the quantity measured; correctness6
3408034332Amphetaminecontrolled substance along with its analogs , such as methamphetamine that creates a state of wakefulness, euphoria, and excitatory condition (stimulation)7
3408034333Hallucinogenpsychoactive drug that induces hallucinations or alters sensory experiences8
3408034334Narcoticaddictive substance that reduces pains, alters mood and behavior, and usually induces sleep or stupor9
3408034335Cannabinoidsterm applied to marijuana and parts of the plant cannabis sativa in which tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active agent10
3408034336PhencyclidinePCP; drug originally developed as a surgical anesthetic that was discontinued due to adverse patients reactions; abusers of the drug often experience severe psychiatric manifestations11
3408034337CyanideCN; highly toxic chemical especially in the form of gas (hydrogen cyanine)12
3408034338Chain of Custodydocumented process the evidence goes through from the point of gathering to the final presentation in the court; intended to assure that there has been no tampering or altering the evidence13
3408034339Gas Chromatographygas flowing through a coated tube separates compounds by their size, weight, and chemical reactivity with the coating of the tube or column14
3408034340Immunoassaystests utilizing antibodies that react with the drug or substance that recognizes the antibody15
3408034341Fluorescenceproperty of a product producing light when acted upon by radiant energy16
3408034342Chemiluminescenceprocess by which light is emitted as a product of a chemical reaction17
3408034343TLCwet chemical test known as thin layer chromatography18
3408034344Ultravioletarea of the light spectrum just past visible violet and before the x-ray region19
3408034345Enhancementrendering an impression more visible through physical, photographic, chemical, or digital methods20
3408034346Retention Timetime required for a substance to travel from the injection port to the detector in a gas or liquid chromatographic system21
3408034347Mass Spectrometrytechnique based of the detection of vaporized molecules and their ionized (charged) fragments; detection and display of the spectra are based on the mass-to-mass charge ratios of the ions; method is specific for qualitative analysis and useful for quantitative analysis22
3408034348Chemical Ionizationa type of mass spectrometry in which a molecule reacts under relatively low energy with a reagent gas rather than fragmenting extensively23
3408034349NISTnational institute of standards and technology24
3408034350LC-MSliquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is a technique that replaces a gas chromatograph with a liquid chromatograph25
3408034351AASatomic absorption spectroscopy; technique for metal analysis utilizing the reduction of a metal in a solution to an atom, usually by a flame26
3408034352NAAneutron activation analysis; technique for metal analysis utilizing the characteristics of emitted radiation for the detection and quantitation of metals27
3408034353Nucleuscellular organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope; it encloses the chromosomes during the interphase28
3408034354ICP-MSinductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy; modern technique for metal analysis that utilizes radio frequency energy for the detection and quantitation of metals29
3408034355Isotopeschemical element that exits in alternate forms containing identical numbers of protons and different numbers of neutrons30
3408034356Toxicogenomicsfield of science that deals with how genomes respond to toxins31
3408034357LD50quantity of a substance that kills 50 percent of the population32
3408034358GC-MSacronym for gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry33
3408034359Who was the first to use fingerprinting as a method of identification on a large scale?Sir William Hershel-185634
3408034360Who was the first to devise a method of classification based on fingerprints?Dr. Henry Faulds-188035
3408034361Who's was the first official use of a fingerprint in the United States?Gilbert Thompson-188236
3408034362What were Sir Francis Galton's calculations of the odds of two individual fingerprints being the same?1 in 64 billion37
3408034363Who began the first fingerprint files?Juan Vucetich -189138
3408034364When was the first criminal fingerprint identification made?189239
3408034365When was the introduction of fingerprints for criminal identification in England and Wales?190140
3408034366What is the classification system for fingerprinting used in all English speaking countries called?Henry Classification System41
3408034367What does AFIS stand for?Automated Fingerprint Identification System42
3408034368What does the AFIS do?Provides: -Automated fingerprint search -latent print searching capability -electronic image storage -electronic exchange of fingerprints and responses 24/743
3408034369What does the acronym CPIN stand for? How does it work?C-Commonwealth P-Photo I-Imaging N-Network A computer network that extends PA and is used to record and store digital photos of crime suspects44
3408034370Ballisticsthe science that deals with the motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles, most often firearms and bullets.45
3408034371Odontologyin forensics, examination of bite marks and dental identification of corpses.46
3408034372Pathologyinvestigation of sudden, unexplained, or violent death.47
3408034373Entomologythe study of insects.48
3408034374Palynologythe study of pollen and spores.49
3408034375Polygraphythe use of the "lie detector". Polygraph = lie detector50
3408034376LacerationCaused by a blunt object51
3408034377Incised woundsCaused by a sharp object52
3408034378Perforating gunshot woundHas an entrance and an exit wound53
3408034379Penetrating gunshot woundDoes not have an exit wound.54
3408034380Mechanism of DeathBiochemical or physiologic abnormality produced by the cause of death that is incompatible with life55
3408034381Manner of Death MODThe fashion in which the cause of death came to be.56
3408034382Rigor mortisStiffening of the muscles that occurs following the death of a person. The glycogen in the body is not reformed leaving muscles stiff57
3408034383Livor MortisDiscoloration of the body which occurs from te settling of red blood cells after the blood stops circulating. Lividity becomes fixed at 12hrs58
3408034384Algor MortisCooling of the body that occurs after death. This obviously varies greatly.59
3408034385Mechanical traumasCan be sharp or blunt. Blunt traumas are further divided into firearm and non-firearm.60
3408034386Non-penetrating traumasCan be sharp or blunt. Blunt traumas are further divided into firearm and non-firearm.61
3408034387GSRGun shot residue Gun powder leftover from shooting a gun62
3408034388DOADead on arrival, Death on Arrival63
3408034389Cannabismarujuana;pot64
3408034390Teratogenan agent that can cause birth defects in an embryo or fetus. two well-known examples are alcohol and thalidomide.65
3408034391AlkaloidExamples are cocaine, nicotine, strychnine, caffenine, and morphine.66
3408034392Analgesicsdrugs that relieve pain.67
3408034393Presumptive Testtest that presumes the presence of the questioned substanced; also called a screening test.68
3408034394Osteonsstructures in bones that carry the blood supply.69
3408034395Femurlong bone found in the leg extending from the hip to the knee.70
3408034396Tibialong bone found in the leg extending from the knee to the ankle.71
3408034397Humeruslong bone found in the arm extending from the shoulder to the elbow. upper arm72
3408034398Radiuslong bone found in the arm extending from the elbow to the wrist.73
3408034399Os Pubisarea on the anterior side of the pelvis where the hip bones come together.74
3408034400Ventral Arca bony ridge that is formed on the ventral (lower) side of the female os pubis.75
3408034401Epiphysesgrowth plates found at the ends of the long bones. they form in adolescence and fuse to the bone during early adulthood.76
3408034402Diaphysisthe shaft of a long bone.77
3408034403Iliac Crestfound on the top of the hip bone.78
3408034404Claviclealso known as the collarbone; its medial ends meet in the center of the body.79
3408034405Suturesimmovable joints where bonesare joined together. they are visible as seams on the surface.80
3408034406Symphysisa place where two bones meet and may rub together.81
3408034407Caucasoiddescriptor for people of European, Middle Eastern, and East Indian descent.82
3408034408Negroiddescriptor for people of African, Aborigine, and Melanesian descent.83
3408034409Monogoloiddescriptor for people of Asian, Native American, Polynesian descent.84
3408034410Modus Operandi (MO)the characteristic method of operation of a criminal; sometimes referred to as MO.85
3408034411Statutory Lawlegislative acts declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something.86
3408034412Common Law or Case LawType of law that is formulated by judges or determined by court decisions.87
3408034413Civil LawA law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights.88
3408034414Criminal LawCodes of behavior related to the protection of property and individual safety89
3408034415Misdemeanora minor crime, less than a felony, usually punished with a fine or confinement other than in a prison.90
3408034416Felonya serious crime, such as murder, punishable by more than one year of imprisonment up to excution.91
3408034417What is the two-pronged test that foresic pathologists use?First, is the death sudden. Second, was the death expected.(i.e. if person had been diagnosed with cardiovascular disease then death would have been expected even if sudden.92
3408034418What two methods to pathologist use to obtain DNA from victim for future DNA analysis?A drop of blood or a hair with the blub still attached93
3408034419What are the three major subgroupings of forensic psychiatry?Criminal forensic psychiatry, civil forensic psychiatry, administrative forensic psychiatry.94
3408034420Dactyloscopythe study of fingerprints. the word is drived from the Greek daktulos, meaning finger.95
3408034421Anthropometrythe study of human body measurements. the word is derived from the Greek anthropos, meaning man.96
3408034422Loopfingerprint pattern with one or more ridges entering from one side, curving, then going out on the same side entered.97
3408034423Deltatriangular area found in all loop and whorl patterns98
3408034424Corearea found near the center of all loop and whorl patterns.99
3408034425Whorlfingerprint pattern with at least two deltas and a core.100
3408034426Archleast common and simpliest fingerprint pattern. they have no delta or core. all ridges enter one side and exit the other.101
3408034427Visible Printfingerprint left by a finger that has touched blood, paint, ink, or the like.102
3408034428Latent Printfingerprint made by the deposit of perspiration or body oils; invisible to the naked eye until developed.103
3408034429Minutiaein description of fingerprints, ridge characteristics.104
3408034430Bifurcationscommon minutiae, shaped like a two-pronged fork.105
3408034431Locard Exchange Principlethere is always a cross transfer of evidence between suspect and victim or locale.106
3408034432Cuticle (Hair)tough, clear outside covering of the hair shaft.107
3408034433Cortex (Hair)middle layer of the hair shaft that provides strength; compromises most of the hair mass.108
3408034434Medulla (Hair)the spongy anterior core of hair that gives it flexibilty; appears as a canal in the middle of the shaft.109
3408034435KeratinA fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails is110
3408034436False Positivea test result that comes out positive when it should not; often caused by comtamination or failure to run a control.111
3408034437Catalysta small amount of a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being used up in the process.112
3408034438Viscositythe resistance of a fluid to flow. water is low relative to syrup. heating generally lowers this of a liquid.113
3408034439Homopolymerspolymers made up of one type of repeating unit. each is made from one monomer only.114
3408034440Polyethersa series of carbon atoms connected by oxygen atoms.115
3408034441ChromatographyA technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture based on the tendency of each component to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material.116
3408034442Eluteto extract one material from another, usually by means of a solvent.117
3408034443Designer Drugdrugs synthesized with particular pharmacological characteristics, designed for abuse and evasion of specific drug laws.118
3408034444Cheliloscopythe study of lip prints, from the Greek word cheilos, meaning lip.119
3408034445Conchoidal FractureA curved fracture surface; looks like the inside of a clam shell120
3408034446Hemoglobinthe oxygen carrier that gives red blood cells their color. it is composed of four globen (protein) chains, each with heme group.121
3408034447Precipitin Testtest that distingushes between human and animal blood122
3408034448Chemiluminescencethe emmission of light from a chemical reaction. within an organism such as a firefly. it is called bioluminescence.123
3408034449Antigensforeign substances in the body that are capable of causing disease. the presence of antigens triggers an immune response, usually the production of antibodies.124
3408034450Agglutinatean allergic reaction where red blood cells clump together, usually in response to a particular antibody.125
3408034451Serologythe laboratory study of body fluids using specific antigen and serum antibody reactions.126
3408034452Erythrocytesred blood cells.127
3408034453LeukocytesWhite Blood Cells128
3408034454ABOa basic classification system for blood types based upon the reaction of antigens and antibodies.129
3408034455Taxonomythe classification ont things in an orderly way that indicates natural relationships.130
3408034456Carrionthe carcass of a dead and decaying animal.131
3408034457Postmortem Interval (PMI)the time elapsed since a person has died.132
3408034458CaliberA measure of the inside diameter of a firearm barrel133
3408034459Borethe interior diameter of a gun barrel.134
3408034460GaugeA measure related to the diameter of the bore and the size of the shotshell designed for that bore135
3408034461Shotlead spheres in a shotgun shell.136
3408034462Sluga single shot or bullet in a shotgun shell.137
3408034463Striaeparallel sets of scratches on a bullet caused by unique markings in the bore of a rifled weapon.138
3408034464Head Stampnumerals, letters, and symbols on the base of a cartridge showing the manufacturer, caliber, and code.139
3408034465Breechportion of the gun that contains the firing mechanism.140
3408034466Magazinea container that holds cartridges under spring pressure to be fed into the gun's chamber; also called a clip.141
3408034467Chamberpart of the firearm that contains a cartridge for firing.142
3408034468Blind Forgeryone made without a model of this signnature or writing being forged.143
3408034469Forgeryan item prepared with the intent to deceive or defraud. it can be an autograph, a book, a painting, a baseball card, a stamp, an antique, or almost anything.144
3408034470Simulated Forgeryone made by copying a genuine signature.145
3408034471Traced Forgeryone made by tracing a genuine signature.146
3408034472Indented Writingimpressions left under paper that has been written on.147
3408034473When were psychologists recognized in court?Jenkins v United States 1962148
3408034474Name the 4 roles of a forensic psychologists.1. Research: investigate legal processes and phenomena 2. Intervention (aka treatment or therapy) 3. Assessment: psychological appraisal 4. Consultation: provide information to agencies including police departments judges, attorneys and jail staff149
3408034475What is the most prevalent area of forensic psychology research?Eyewitness testimony150
3408034476Confession.Admission of guilt • Most damaging piece of evidence in a trial151
3408034477False confession.Admission of guilt by an innocent person152
3408034478Name the 3 primary reasons for a false confession.1. Publicity 2. To end punishment 3. Highly suggestible and stressed153
3408034479Name 2 main roles of a forensic psychologist in assessment.1. Involves test administration 2. Testify as expert witness154
3408034480What are the 3 primary states when testifying as an expert witness?1. Dangerousness: likelihood to cause emotional or physical harm 2. Competency: ability to understand nature and purpose of court proceedings 3. Insanity: legal term for unsoundness of mind such that nature of a (criminal) act was not perceived to be wrong155
3408034481What are the 4 areas of dangerousness?1. Violence 2. Suicide 3. Child and domestic abuse 4. Sexual abuse156
3408034482Name 2 way to be considered for insanity.1. Cannot distinguish fantasy from reality 2. Subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior157
3408034483Name 2 possible verdicts if one is found insane.1. Not guilty by reason of insanity 2. Not guilty by reason of temporary insanity158
3408034484SignatureUnique manner in which a person commits crime to emotionally fulfill himself159
3408034485Who was the Vampire of Sacramento? Give some background information.• Richard Trenton Chase • Unemployed, white male, 27 years old • Lived alone, 1 block from killings • Found body parts and bloodstained blender, calendar with more dates160
3408034486What is Algor mortis? Time FrameDefiniton:Decrease in body temperature after death Time:Body cools at a rate of 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit per hour for the first 12 hours then 1 degree Fahrenheit per hour for the next 12 to 18 hours161
3408034487What is Livor Mortis? Time Frame?Definition:Purple/red discoloration in the dependent areas of the body due to accumulation of blood after cardiac activity has ceased Time:Begins between 30 minutes to 2 hours after death Usually "fixed" by 8 to 12 hours after death162
3408034488What are the specific types of lividity and what causes them?Cherry red lividity: carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide poisoning and cold temperatures ~Minimal lividity: hypovolemic shock or anemia163
3408034489What was the first published account involving a convition based on bite marks as evidence.Doyle v. State; Texas, 1954164
3408034490PathologyThe study of disease165
3408034491BiopsyExamination of a tissue sample166
3408034492TheoryA set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena167
3408034493AutopsyAn examination of the body after death usually with such dissection as will expose the vital organs for determining the cause of death.168
3408034494Cytopathologystudy of the diseases of cells169
3408034495Clinical pathologyInvolves the analysis and interpretation of the chemical, hormonal, and biochemical components of body fluids to determine whether a disease is present170
3408034496MicrobiologyInvolves the testing and diagnosis of material to determine which infectious organism is infecting or investing the patient171
3408034497HistopathologyMicroscopic analysis of diseased tissue172
3408034498HematopathologyDiagnosis blood disease And blood forming organs173
3408034499NeuropathologistFocuses on disease of the nervous system174
3408034500DermatopathologyFocuses on skin diseases175
3408034501Forensic pathologyMain effort is to determine the cause of death and the circumstances of how the death occurred176
3408034502CoronerWord comes a from the Anglo-Norman word corouner, a word derived from coroune ("crown"). May not be physician/ pathologist. Usually decides if an autopsy is needed then hires a hospital/ forensic pathologist to perform. Is given past medical records and injuries177
3408034503Medical ExaminerForensic pathologist (death investigator) Does not work from a medical chart. Examining clothes is very important in establishing how the death occurred178
3408034504CTComputed tomography179
3408034505MRIMagnetic Resonance Imaging180
3408034506Postmortem intervalTime of death181
3408034507Algor mortisCooling of the body; normal temp is approx 98.6° and this is maintained 1-3 hours after death then the body begins to cool at a rate of approx 1° per hour182
3408034508Livor mortisDiscoloration of the body; occurs when the heart stops beating, the blood stops circulating and stagnates.183
3408034509Rigor mortisStiffening of the body; begins 20 minutes after death with the smaller muscles of the jaw then continues over the next 6-12 hours and over the next 12-24 hours disappears ually in the same way it appeared184
3408034510Postmortem lividitythe setting of the blood in the body after death, which results in a blue/purple discoloration of the skin185
3408034511ContusionA black or blue injury186
3408034512Cadaveric spasmThe muscles contract forcibly at the moment of death187
3408034513AutolysisSelf loosen; occurs inside the body and affects internal organs, including the brain.188
3408034514MarblingGreenish discoloration begins around the belly button and the numerous veins beneath the skin become visible and may also show greenish discoloration189
3408034515MummificationThe skin shrinks and dries, occurs under specific environmental conditions190
3408034516AdipocereWaxy fat; happens with bodies under water191
3408034517FloatersDecomposed bodies ; wet floaters found in water and dry floaters are found on land192
3408034518Maceratedsoftening and breaking down of skin from prolonged exposure to moisture193
3408034519SkeletonizationThe end result of decomp.. Accelerated by bugs who have infested the body.194
3408034520Forensic entomologistPerson who studies bugs; can determine the approximate postmortem interval based on the type and stage of the insect larvae present195
3408034521Presumptive IDIdentification found on a persons unidentifiable body that is not considered an ID. A positive ID must be made, usually done by friends or relatives.196
3408034522Forensic odontologistForensic dentist; can examine and x-ray the teeth and compare to files of the deceaseds local dentist.197
3408034523Forensic anthropologistPerson who studies bones; can help determine the age, sex, race, and approx height. PHYSICAL anthro can reconstruct an accurate face from a skull.198
3408034524Manner of deathHow death occurred; 5 possibilities - natural -accidental -suicide -homicide -undetermined199
3408034525PericardiumFirbrous sac that encloses the heart. Opened during an autopsy to remove the heart.200
3408034526ArteriosclerosisHardening of the arteries201
3408034527Myocardial InfarctionThe blockage of blood to the heart resulting I'm the death of the heart muscle202
3408034528Small intestinesDuodenum, jejunum, and ileum203
3408034529MeningesMembranes that surround the brain.204
3408034530Dura mater(Meninges) lies just beneath the internal surface of the skull; firm, touch, and fibrous membrane that covers the outside of the brain.205
3408034531Epidural hemmorhageHemorrhage due to trauma between the dura mater and the skull206
3408034532Subdural hemorrhageBlood lies below the dura mater207
3408034533ArachnoidTwo filmy, thin, transparent membranes that cover the brain directly below the mater208
3408034534Pia materThe transparent innermost membrane covering the brain209
3408034535LeptomengingesThe almost inseparable combination of the delicate middle arachnoid (spider-web like membrane) and the transparent inner membrane covering the brain, the pia mater210
3408034536Provisional anatomic diagnosesA listing made of the autopsy findings made by a forensic pathologist211

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