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HOSA Forensic Medicine 2014 Flashcards

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2110120892Odontologydentistry; study of the biology and repair of teeth0
2110120893Dentitioncomplement of teeth of an individual1
2110120894Bite Marksusually horse-shoe shaped pattern left in inanimate objects or the tissue of a victim2
2110120895Negligencefailure to treat the patient at the highest level of care and competency3
2110120896Prognosispredicted outcome of a patient's condition4
2110120897Primary Dentitionthe 20 baby teeth5
2110120898Permanent Dentitionthe 32 adult teeth6
2110120899Maxillaupper jaw7
2110120900Mandiblelower jaw8
2110120901Enamelouter covering of the crown of the tooth9
2110120902Cementumouter covering of the roof of the tooth10
2110120903Sharpey's Fibersspecialized fibers that connect both the tooth and the alveolar bone to the periodontal ligament11
2110120904Periodontal Ligamentsspecialized connective tissue ligament that holds the tooth in the alveolus12
2110120905Alveolusbony socket in either the maxilla or mandible that holds the tooth13
2110120906Pulpneurovascular tissue in the center of the tooth14
2110120907Commissurecorner of the mouth15
2110120908Ramus of the Mandiblevertical portion of the lower jaw that communicates with the skull16
2110120909Vestibulecircular space formed by the meeting of the jaw and the cheeks17
2110120910Avulsedexpelled or removed18
2110120911Antemortembefore death19
2110120912Perimortemat or around the time of death20
2110120913Dedicated Dimensional Standardlabeled ruler that is used in all analyses and photographs for a given bite mark case21
2110120914Standard of Caremedical or psychological treatment guideline; can be general or specific; specifies appropriate treatment based on scientific evidence and collaboration between medical and/or psychological professionals involved in the treatment of a given condition22
2110120915Forensic Toxicologyexamination of all aspects of toxicology (the study of drugs and poisons that may have legal implications)23
2110120916Postmortem Drug Testingexamination performed on blood, urine, and/or body tissues to determine if drugs were a contributing factor in a death24
2110120917Contrabandin forensic toxicology and drug testing facilities refers to suspected controlled25
2110120918Vitreous Humorocular fluid (fluid in the eye) that is often utilized as a sample for testing in postmortem toxicology26
2110120919Workplace Drug Testingexamination performed on primary blood and urine from employees or job applicants for drug content27
2110120920NIDAnational institute of drug abuse28
2110120921Accuracyability of a measurement to match the value of the quantity measured; correctness29
2110120922Amphetaminecontrolled substance along with its analogs , such as methamphetamine that creates a state of wakefulness, euphoria, and excitatory condition (stimulation)30
2110120923Hallucinogenpsychoactive drug that induces hallucinations or alters sensory experiences31
2110120924Narcoticaddictive substance that reduces pains, alters mood and behavior, and usually induces sleep or stupor32
2110120925Cannabinoidsterm applied to marijuana and parts of the plant cannabis sativa in which tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active agent33
2110120926PhencyclidinePCP; drug originally developed as a surgical anesthetic that was discontinued due to adverse patients reactions; abusers of the drug often experience severe psychiatric manifestations34
2110120927CyanideCN; highly toxic chemical especially in the form of gas (hydrogen cyanine)35
2110120928Chain of Custodydocumented process the evidence goes through from the point of gathering to the final presentation in the court; intended to assure that there has been no tampering or altering the evidence36
2110120929Gas Chromatographygas flowing through a coated tube separates compounds by their size, weight, and chemical reactivity with the coating of the tube or column37
2110120930Immunoassaystests utilizing antibodies that react with the drug or substance that recognizes the antibody38
2110120931Fluorescenceproperty of a product producing light when acted upon by radiant energy39
2110120932Chemiluminescenceprocess by which light is emitted as a product of a chemical reaction40
2110120933TLCwet chemical test known as thin layer chromatography41
2110120934Ultravioletarea of the light spectrum just past visible violet and before the x-ray region42
2110120935Enhancementrendering an impression more visible through physical, photographic, chemical, or digital methods43
2110120936Retention Timetime required for a substance to travel from the injection port to the detector in a gas or liquid chromatographic system44
2110120937Mass Spectrometrytechnique based of the detection of vaporized molecules and their ionized (charged) fragments; detection and display of the spectra are based on the mass-to-mass charge ratios of the ions; method is specific for qualitative analysis and useful for quantitative analysis45
2110120938Chemical Ionizationa type of mass spectrometry in which a molecule reacts under relatively low energy with a reagent gas rather than fragmenting extensively46
2110120939NISTnational institute of standards and technology47
2110120940LC-MSliquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is a technique that replaces a gas chromatograph with a liquid chromatograph48
2110120941AASatomic absorption spectroscopy; technique for metal analysis utilizing the reduction of a metal in a solution to an atom, usually by a flame49
2110120942NAAneutron activation analysis; technique for metal analysis utilizing the characteristics of emitted radiation for the detection and quantitation of metals50
2110120943Nucleuscellular organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope; it encloses the chromosomes during the interphase51
2110120944ICP-MSinductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy; modern technique for metal analysis that utilizes radio frequency energy for the detection and quantitation of metals52
2110120945Isotopeschemical element that exits in alternate forms containing identical numbers of protons and different numbers of neutrons53
2110120946Toxicogenomicsfield of science that deals with how genomes respond to toxins54
2110120947LD50quantity of a substance that kills 50 percent of the population55
2110120948GC-MSacronym for gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry56
2110120949Who was the first to use fingerprinting as a method of identification on a large scale?Sir William Hershel-185657
2110120950Who was the first to devise a method of classification based on fingerprints?Dr. Henry Faulds-188058
2110120951Who's was the first official use of a fingerprint in the United States?Gilbert Thompson-188259
2110120952What were Sir Francis Galton's calculations of the odds of two individual fingerprints being the same?1 in 64 billion60
2110120953Who began the first fingerprint files?Juan Vucetich -189161
2110120954When was the first criminal fingerprint identification made?189262
2110120955When was the introduction of fingerprints for criminal identification in England and Wales?190163
2110120956What is the classification system for fingerprinting used in all English speaking countries called?Henry Classification System64
2110120957What does AFIS stand for?Automated Fingerprint Identification System65
2110120958What does the AFIS do?Provides: -Automated fingerprint search -latent print searching capability -electronic image storage -electronic exchange of fingerprints and responses 24/766
2110120959What does the acronym CPIN stand for? How does it work?C-Commonwealth P-Photo I-Imaging N-Network A computer network that extends PA and is used to record and store digital photos of crime suspects67
2110120960Ballisticsthe science that deals with the motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles, most often firearms and bullets.68
2110120961Odontologyin forensics, examination of bite marks and dental identification of corpses.69
2110120962Pathologyinvestigation of sudden, unexplained, or violent death.70
2110120963Entomologythe study of insects.71
2110120964Palynologythe study of pollen and spores.72
2110120965Polygraphythe use of the "lie detector". Polygraph = lie detector73
2110120966LacerationCaused by a blunt object74
2110120967Incised woundsCaused by a sharp object75
2110120968Perforating gunshot woundHas an entrance and an exit wound76
2110120969Penetrating gunshot woundDoes not have an exit wound.77
2110120970Mechanism of DeathBiochemical or physiologic abnormality produced by the cause of death that is incompatible with life78
2110120971Manner of Death MODThe fashion in which the cause of death came to be.79
2110120972Rigor mortisStiffening of the muscles that occurs following the death of a person. The glycogen in the body is not reformed leaving muscles stiff80
2110120973Livor MortisDiscoloration of the body which occurs from te settling of red blood cells after the blood stops circulating. Lividity becomes fixed at 12hrs81
2110120974Algor MortisCooling of the body that occurs after death. This obviously varies greatly.82
2110120975Mechanical traumasCan be sharp or blunt. Blunt traumas are further divided into firearm and non-firearm.83
2110120976Non-penetrating traumasCan be sharp or blunt. Blunt traumas are further divided into firearm and non-firearm.84
2110120977GSRGun shot residue Gun powder leftover from shooting a gun85
2110120978DOADead on arrival, Death on Arrival86
2110120979Cannabismarujuana;pot87
2110120980Teratogenan agent that can cause birth defects in an embryo or fetus. two well-known examples are alcohol and thalidomide.88
2110120981AlkaloidExamples are cocaine, nicotine, strychnine, caffenine, and morphine.89
2110120982Analgesicsdrugs that relieve pain.90
2110120983Presumptive Testtest that presumes the presence of the questioned substanced; also called a screening test.91
2110120984Osteonsstructures in bones that carry the blood supply.92
2110120985Femurlong bone found in the leg extending from the hip to the knee.93
2110120986Tibialong bone found in the leg extending from the knee to the ankle.94
2110120987Humeruslong bone found in the arm extending from the shoulder to the elbow. upper arm95
2110120988Radiuslong bone found in the arm extending from the elbow to the wrist.96
2110120989Os Pubisarea on the anterior side of the pelvis where the hip bones come together.97
2110120990Ventral Arca bony ridge that is formed on the ventral (lower) side of the female os pubis.98
2110120991Epiphysesgrowth plates found at the ends of the long bones. they form in adolescence and fuse to the bone during early adulthood.99
2110120992Diaphysisthe shaft of a long bone.100
2110120993Iliac Crestfound on the top of the hip bone.101
2110120994Claviclealso known as the collarbone; its medial ends meet in the center of the body.102
2110120995Suturesimmovable joints where bonesare joined together. they are visible as seams on the surface.103
2110120996Symphysisa place where two bones meet and may rub together.104
2110120997Caucasoiddescriptor for people of European, Middle Eastern, and East Indian descent.105
2110120998Negroiddescriptor for people of African, Aborigine, and Melanesian descent.106
2110120999Monogoloiddescriptor for people of Asian, Native American, Polynesian descent.107
2110121000Modus Operandi (MO)the characteristic method of operation of a criminal; sometimes referred to as MO.108
2110121001Statutory Lawlegislative acts declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something.109
2110121002Common Law or Case LawType of law that is formulated by judges or determined by court decisions.110
2110121003Civil LawA law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights.111
2110121004Criminal LawCodes of behavior related to the protection of property and individual safety112
2110121005Misdemeanora minor crime, less than a felony, usually punished with a fine or confinement other than in a prison.113
2110121006Felonya serious crime, such as murder, punishable by more than one year of imprisonment up to excution.114
2110121007What is the two-pronged test that foresic pathologists use?First, is the death sudden. Second, was the death expected.(i.e. if person had been diagnosed with cardiovascular disease then death would have been expected even if sudden.115
2110121008What two methods to pathologist use to obtain DNA from victim for future DNA analysis?A drop of blood or a hair with the blub still attached116
2110121009What are the three major subgroupings of forensic psychiatry?Criminal forensic psychiatry, civil forensic psychiatry, administrative forensic psychiatry.117
2110121010Dactyloscopythe study of fingerprints. the word is drived from the Greek daktulos, meaning finger.118
2110121011Anthropometrythe study of human body measurements. the word is derived from the Greek anthropos, meaning man.119
2110121012Loopfingerprint pattern with one or more ridges entering from one side, curving, then going out on the same side entered.120
2110121013Deltatriangular area found in all loop and whorl patterns121
2110121014Corearea found near the center of all loop and whorl patterns.122
2110121015Whorlfingerprint pattern with at least two deltas and a core.123
2110121016Archleast common and simpliest fingerprint pattern. they have no delta or core. all ridges enter one side and exit the other.124
2110121017Visible Printfingerprint left by a finger that has touched blood, paint, ink, or the like.125
2110121018Latent Printfingerprint made by the deposit of perspiration or body oils; invisible to the naked eye until developed.126
2110121019Minutiaein description of fingerprints, ridge characteristics.127
2110121020Bifurcationscommon minutiae, shaped like a two-pronged fork.128
2110121021Locard Exchange Principlethere is always a cross transfer of evidence between suspect and victim or locale.129
2110121022Cuticle (Hair)tough, clear outside covering of the hair shaft.130
2110121023Cortex (Hair)middle layer of the hair shaft that provides strength; compromises most of the hair mass.131
2110121024Medulla (Hair)the spongy anterior core of hair that gives it flexibilty; appears as a canal in the middle of the shaft.132
2110121025KeratinA fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails is133
2110121026False Positivea test result that comes out positive when it should not; often caused by comtamination or failure to run a control.134
2110121027Catalysta small amount of a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being used up in the process.135
2110121028Viscositythe resistance of a fluid to flow. water is low relative to syrup. heating generally lowers this of a liquid.136
2110121029Homopolymerspolymers made up of one type of repeating unit. each is made from one monomer only.137
2110121030Polyethersa series of carbon atoms connected by oxygen atoms.138
2110121031ChromatographyA technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture based on the tendency of each component to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material.139
2110121032Eluteto extract one material from another, usually by means of a solvent.140
2110121033Designer Drugdrugs synthesized with particular pharmacological characteristics, designed for abuse and evasion of specific drug laws.141
2110121034Cheliloscopythe study of lip prints, from the Greek word cheilos, meaning lip.142
2110121035Conchoidal FractureA curved fracture surface; looks like the inside of a clam shell143
2110121036Hemoglobinthe oxygen carrier that gives red blood cells their color. it is composed of four globen (protein) chains, each with heme group.144
2110121037Precipitin Testtest that distingushes between human and animal blood145
2110121038Chemiluminescencethe emmission of light from a chemical reaction. within an organism such as a firefly. it is called bioluminescence.146
2110121039Antigensforeign substances in the body that are capable of causing disease. the presence of antigens triggers an immune response, usually the production of antibodies.147
2110121040Agglutinatean allergic reaction where red blood cells clump together, usually in response to a particular antibody.148
2110121041Serologythe laboratory study of body fluids using specific antigen and serum antibody reactions.149
2110121042Erythrocytesred blood cells.150
2110121043LeukocytesWhite Blood Cells151
2110121044ABOa basic classification system for blood types based upon the reaction of antigens and antibodies.152
2110121045Taxonomythe classification ont things in an orderly way that indicates natural relationships.153
2110121046Carrionthe carcass of a dead and decaying animal.154
2110121047Postmortem Interval (PMI)the time elapsed since a person has died.155
2110121048CaliberA measure of the inside diameter of a firearm barrel156
2110121049Borethe interior diameter of a gun barrel.157
2110121050GaugeA measure related to the diameter of the bore and the size of the shotshell designed for that bore158
2110121051Shotlead spheres in a shotgun shell.159
2110121052Sluga single shot or bullet in a shotgun shell.160
2110121053Striaeparallel sets of scratches on a bullet caused by unique markings in the bore of a rifled weapon.161
2110121054Head Stampnumerals, letters, and symbols on the base of a cartridge showing the manufacturer, caliber, and code.162
2110121055Breechportion of the gun that contains the firing mechanism.163
2110121056Magazinea container that holds cartridges under spring pressure to be fed into the gun's chamber; also called a clip.164
2110121057Chamberpart of the firearm that contains a cartridge for firing.165
2110121058Blind Forgeryone made without a model of this signnature or writing being forged.166
2110121059Forgeryan item prepared with the intent to deceive or defraud. it can be an autograph, a book, a painting, a baseball card, a stamp, an antique, or almost anything.167
2110121060Simulated Forgeryone made by copying a genuine signature.168
2110121061Traced Forgeryone made by tracing a genuine signature.169
2110121062Indented Writingimpressions left under paper that has been written on.170
2110121063When were psychologists recognized in court?Jenkins v United States 1962171
2110121064Name the 4 roles of a forensic psychologists.1. Research: investigate legal processes and phenomena 2. Intervention (aka treatment or therapy) 3. Assessment: psychological appraisal 4. Consultation: provide information to agencies including police departments judges, attorneys and jail staff172
2110121065What is the most prevalent area of forensic psychology research?Eyewitness testimony173
2110121066Confession.Admission of guilt • Most damaging piece of evidence in a trial174
2110121067False confession.Admission of guilt by an innocent person175
2110121068Name the 3 primary reasons for a false confession.1. Publicity 2. To end punishment 3. Highly suggestible and stressed176
2110121069Name 2 main roles of a forensic psychologist in assessment.1. Involves test administration 2. Testify as expert witness177
2110121070What are the 3 primary states when testifying as an expert witness?1. Dangerousness: likelihood to cause emotional or physical harm 2. Competency: ability to understand nature and purpose of court proceedings 3. Insanity: legal term for unsoundness of mind such that nature of a (criminal) act was not perceived to be wrong178
2110121071What are the 4 areas of dangerousness?1. Violence 2. Suicide 3. Child and domestic abuse 4. Sexual abuse179
2110121072Name 2 way to be considered for insanity.1. Cannot distinguish fantasy from reality 2. Subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior180
2110121073Name 2 possible verdicts if one is found insane.1. Not guilty by reason of insanity 2. Not guilty by reason of temporary insanity181
2110121074SignatureUnique manner in which a person commits crime to emotionally fulfill himself182
2110121075Who was the Vampire of Sacramento? Give some background information.• Richard Trenton Chase • Unemployed, white male, 27 years old • Lived alone, 1 block from killings • Found body parts and bloodstained blender, calendar with more dates183
2110121076What is Algor mortis? Time FrameDefiniton:Decrease in body temperature after death Time:Body cools at a rate of 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit per hour for the first 12 hours then 1 degree Fahrenheit per hour for the next 12 to 18 hours184
2110121077What is Livor Mortis? Time Frame?Definition:Purple/red discoloration in the dependent areas of the body due to accumulation of blood after cardiac activity has ceased Time:Begins between 30 minutes to 2 hours after death Usually "fixed" by 8 to 12 hours after death185
2110121078What are the specific types of lividity and what causes them?Cherry red lividity: carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide poisoning and cold temperatures ~Minimal lividity: hypovolemic shock or anemia186
2110121079What was the first published account involving a convition based on bite marks as evidence.Doyle v. State; Texas, 1954187
2110121080PathologyThe study of disease188
2110121081BiopsyExamination of a tissue sample189
2110121082TheoryA set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena190
2110121083AutopsyAn examination of the body after death usually with such dissection as will expose the vital organs for determining the cause of death.191
2110121084Cytopathologystudy of the diseases of cells192
2110121085Clinical pathologyInvolves the analysis and interpretation of the chemical, hormonal, and biochemical components of body fluids to determine whether a disease is present193
2110121086MicrobiologyInvolves the testing and diagnosis of material to determine which infectious organism is infecting or investing the patient194
2110121087HistopathologyMicroscopic analysis of diseased tissue195
2110121088HematopathologyDiagnosis blood disease And blood forming organs196
2110121089NeuropathologistFocuses on disease of the nervous system197
2110121090DermatopathologyFocuses on skin diseases198
2110121091Forensic pathologyMain effort is to determine the cause of death and the circumstances of how the death occurred199
2110121092CoronerWord comes a from the Anglo-Norman word corouner, a word derived from coroune ("crown"). May not be physician/ pathologist. Usually decides if an autopsy is needed then hires a hospital/ forensic pathologist to perform. Is given past medical records and injuries200
2110121093Medical ExaminerForensic pathologist (death investigator) Does not work from a medical chart. Examining clothes is very important in establishing how the death occurred201
2110121094CTComputed tomography202
2110121095MRIMagnetic Resonance Imaging203
2110121096Postmortem intervalTime of death204
2110121097Algor mortisCooling of the body; normal temp is approx 98.6° and this is maintained 1-3 hours after death then the body begins to cool at a rate of approx 1° per hour205
2110121098Livor mortisDiscoloration of the body; occurs when the heart stops beating, the blood stops circulating and stagnates.206
2110121099Rigor mortisStiffening of the body; begins 20 minutes after death with the smaller muscles of the jaw then continues over the next 6-12 hours and over the next 12-24 hours disappears ually in the same way it appeared207
2110121100Postmortem lividitythe setting of the blood in the body after death, which results in a blue/purple discoloration of the skin208
2110121101ContusionA black or blue injury209
2110121102Cadaveric spasmThe muscles contract forcibly at the moment of death210
2110121103AutolysisSelf loosen; occurs inside the body and affects internal organs, including the brain.211
2110121104MarblingGreenish discoloration begins around the belly button and the numerous veins beneath the skin become visible and may also show greenish discoloration212
2110121105MummificationThe skin shrinks and dries, occurs under specific environmental conditions213
2110121106AdipocereWaxy fat; happens with bodies under water214
2110121107FloatersDecomposed bodies ; wet floaters found in water and dry floaters are found on land215
2110121108Maceratedsoftening and breaking down of skin from prolonged exposure to moisture216
2110121109SkeletonizationThe end result of decomp.. Accelerated by bugs who have infested the body.217
2110121110Forensic entomologistPerson who studies bugs; can determine the approximate postmortem interval based on the type and stage of the insect larvae present218
2110121111Presumptive IDIdentification found on a persons unidentifiable body that is not considered an ID. A positive ID must be made, usually done by friends or relatives.219
2110121112Forensic odontologistForensic dentist; can examine and x-ray the teeth and compare to files of the deceaseds local dentist.220
2110121113Forensic anthropologistPerson who studies bones; can help determine the age, sex, race, and approx height. PHYSICAL anthro can reconstruct an accurate face from a skull.221
2110121114Manner of deathHow death occurred; 5 possibilities - natural -accidental -suicide -homicide -undetermined222
2110121115PericardiumFirbrous sac that encloses the heart. Opened during an autopsy to remove the heart.223
2110121116ArteriosclerosisHardening of the arteries224
2110121117Myocardial InfarctionThe blockage of blood to the heart resulting I'm the death of the heart muscle225
2110121118Small intestinesDuodenum, jejunum, and ileum226
2110121119MeningesMembranes that surround the brain.227
2110121120Dura mater(Meninges) lies just beneath the internal surface of the skull; firm, touch, and fibrous membrane that covers the outside of the brain.228
2110121121Epidural hemmorhageHemorrhage due to trauma between the dura mater and the skull229
2110121122Subdural hemorrhageBlood lies below the dura mater230
2110121123ArachnoidTwo filmy, thin, transparent membranes that cover the brain directly below the mater231
2110121124Pia materThe transparent innermost membrane covering the brain232
2110121125LeptomengingesThe almost inseparable combination of the delicate middle arachnoid (spider-web like membrane) and the transparent inner membrane covering the brain, the pia mater233
2110121126Provisional anatomic diagnosesA listing made of the autopsy findings made by a forensic pathologist234

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