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| 5696000295 | CD Antigen Markers | 0 | ||
| 5696000296 | CD4 | T Helper | 1 | |
| 5696005614 | CD8 | cytotoxic T Cell | 2 | |
| 5696005615 | CD3 | ALL t cells | 3 | |
| 5696010574 | CD14 | macrophages | 4 | |
| 5696010575 | CD16 | NK cells | 5 | |
| 5696014802 | CD56 | NK Cells | 6 | |
| 5696014803 | CD19, 20, 21 | All B cells | 7 | |
| 5696019305 | CD34 | stem cells | 8 | |
| 5696025343 | Lymphoid Cells | B cells T cells NK cells | 9 | |
| 5696025344 | Mononuclear Cells | Macrophages Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast Cells (all granulocytes) Dendritic cells | 10 | |
| 5696053293 | Normal Adult Blood Cell Counts |  | 11 | |
| 5696066362 | When do B and T cells enlarge? | once exopsed to antigen!! progress from G0-G1, S, G2, M - eventually differentiate into memory and effector cells | 12 | |
| 5696092069 | All clonal progeny from a given B cell secrete Ab molecules with the -same or different?? binding specificity? | the same specificity!! | 13 | |
| 5696096509 | What do B cells develop into ? | plasma and memory cells | 14 | |
| 5696104857 | Where does T cell selection occur? | in the thymus!! | 15 | |
| 5696110366 | What does a TCR recognize? | ONLY recognizes Antigen in association with MHC | 16 | |
| 5696123908 | Which MHC is exogenous? endogenous? | MHC 1 = endogenous MHC II = exogenous | 17 | |
| 5696141414 | What do T helper cells do? | Activated TH cells divide and give rise to clones of effector cells which secrete various cytokines and play a major role in B cell, and TC cell activation and the inflammatory response | 18 | |
| 5696151442 | Job of TH1 | activates cytotoxic T cells (CD8) macrophages drives isotype switching to IgG | 19 | |
| 5696158860 | Job of TH2 | activates B cells drives isotype switching to IgE | 20 | |
| 5696164153 | Job of TH17 | inflammation - extracellular bacterial and fungal infections | 21 | |
| 5696179393 | What do cytotoxic T cells target? | virus infected and intracellular bacteria | 22 | |
| 5696187906 | Chediak-Higashi Disease | No NK cells increased incidence in lymphomas | 23 | |
| 5696191946 | What do NK cells act on? | cytotoxic actiivty against tumors | 24 | |
| 5696198100 | What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages? | monocytes = blood macrophages = tissue | 25 | |
| 5696211841 | Image of Monocyte (be able to identify) |  | 26 | |
| 5696225376 | Histiocytes | macrophages in Connective tissue | 27 | |
| 5696225377 | Kupfer cells | macrophages in liver | 28 | |
| 5696229533 | Mesangial Cells | macrophages in kidney | 29 | |
| 5696229534 | Microglial cells | macrophages in brain | 30 | |
| 5696241106 | What do activated macrophages have? | - increased phagocytic activity - increased ability to activate TH cells - higher levels of Class II MHC on cell surface | 31 | |
| 5696249832 | Function of Macrophages | Phagocytosis | 32 | |
| 5696261607 | What type of cells are always the first responders to infection? | neutrophils (multilobed) |  | 33 |
| 5696274425 | Eosinophils | important against parasites - bilobed nucleus and granules can be seen |  | 34 |
| 5696301718 | Basophils | allergies - have granules - lobed nucleus (soccer ball appearance) |  | 35 |
| 5696313072 | What is the function of dendritic cells? | *Named because of long processes resembling dendrites of nerve cells *Constituitively express high levels of class II MHC and B7, thus, better APC's than MØ and B cells *After capturing Ag in the tissues, migrate into blood or lymph and circulate to various lymphoid organs where they present Ag to T cells | 36 | |
| 5696338581 | Tissue Dendritic Cells |  | 37 | |
| 5696765981 | What is the best innate tissue type? | skin | 38 | |
| 5696777539 | Macrophages: M1 vs M2 | 2 major functions: *M1 classical macrophages induced by innate immunity paly a role in inflammation *M2 alternative macrophages induced by IL-4 and IL-13 and play a role in tissue repair and control of inflammation | 39 | |
| 5696783999 | Macrophages vs. Neutrophils | Both provide phagocytic response!! neutrophils = rapid and short lived macrophages: prolonged defense | 40 | |
| 5696800006 | Where are dendritic cells found? | all tissues (both antigen processing and presenting) | 41 | |
| 5696805323 | 2 Major functions of dendritic cells | 1. initiate inflammatory response 2. initiate adaptive immune response | 42 | |
| 5696819708 | Steps in Phagocytosis | - bacteria engulfed by phagosome - phagosome fuses with lysosome - digestion and exocytosis | 43 | |
| 5696858604 | Types of Phagocyte Receptors | - Pattern Recognition REceptors (PRR) which recognize Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) or Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPS) Toll receptors CD14, TLR-4 (LPS receptor) NOD receptors RIG receptors CR3, CR4 complement receptors | 44 | |
| 5696885387 | Toll Like receptors are mostly for what? | Bacteria!! | 45 | |
| 5696907832 | What is the phagocyte receptor for IgG and C3b (opsonization molecules) | CD16 | 46 | |
| 5696912473 | Opsonization | a way to mark pathogens for digestion!! - enhance phagocytosis up to 4,000 fold IgG and C3b | 47 | |
| 5696934324 | What happens when deficient in oxygen dependent killing? | immunodeficiency!! bad news bears! (deficient in oxygen independent killing - hardly notice it) | 48 | |
| 5696954990 | What is required for oxygen depending killing? | NADPH oxidase which generates toxic oxygen radicals | 49 | |
| 5696959946 | What happens with NADPH oxidase deficiency? | chronic granulomatous disease - get many catalase + infections because these bacteria create their own ROS neutralizers so they cant be killed | 50 | |
| 5696983204 | What do inflammasomes do? | Signalling system for detection of pathogens and stressors Involves the assembly of a sensor (NLRP-3) and adaptor and the inactive caspase into the inflammasome. The inflammasome activates the caspase which in turn results in the expression of IL-1 The inflammasome results in the production of both IL-1 and IL-18 which are potent inflammatory cytokines |  | 51 |
| 5697002064 | mutations in inflammasomes will lead to what disease | gout athreosclerosis Type II diabetes | 52 | |
| 5697018477 | Steps of Phagocyte Extravasation |  | 53 | |
| 5697025951 | Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency | - absence of CD18 - leukocytes cant migrate from blood into tissues! - recurrent bacterial infections w/o pus formation - leukocytes get recruited but cant get into the vascular endothelium | 54 | |
| 5697046823 | Which molecules induce fever are considered to be pro-inflammatory cytokines? | IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6 |  | 55 |
| 5697093156 | What do Type I interferons do? | - alpha and beta shut down protein synthesis - inhibit viral replication!! IFN-alpha produced by leukocytes IFN-beta produced by fibroblasts - degrade mRNA and inhibit protein synthesis - produced by viral infected cell to protect the neigbors via IFN receptors |  | 56 |
| 5697124655 | 3 Main Functions of Interferons |  | 57 | |
| 5697132550 | CD Markers for NK Cells | CD16 and CD56 | 58 | |
| 5697136836 | What are NK cells used for? | killing viral infected and transformed cells - non specific - activation leads to degranulation of perforin - apoptosis: induces target to commit suicide - only called upon when cytotoxic T cells cant get the job done | 59 | |
| 5697205268 | What type of cells do NK cells commonly kill? | cells with decreased MHC Class I expression | 60 | |
| 5697205269 | 2 Type of NK Cell Receptors | KIR and KAR |  | 61 |
| 5697216642 | How do phagocytes and NK cells work together? |  | 62 | |
| 5697241574 | When does adaptive immunity show up? | - physicial barriers failed - innate immunity unable to clear infection - second encounter with antigen | 63 | |
| 5697276838 | Clonal selection |  | 64 | |
| 5697301553 | T cells are ALWAYS anchored into transmembrane region (B cells are sometimes anchored) | 65 | ||
| 5697317934 | Binding of Antigen Epitopes to T Cell REceptor |  | 66 | |
| 5697325317 | How do antibodies bind? | to epitopes found on surface of antigens | 67 | |
| 5697335527 | What type of antigens do antibodies recognize? | - proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids, chemical groups, macromolecules | 68 | |
| 5697339298 | What type of antigens do T cells recognize? | ONLY peptides!! | 69 | |
| 5697348461 | What do antibodies target? | extracellular microbes, toxins - neutralizes and targets them for elimination!! | 70 | |
| 5697358350 | What is the first antibody to show up? | IgM | 71 | |
| 5697366518 | Primary vs Secondary Antibody Responses (differnce in antibody secretion) | - with primary antibody response (first time seeing antigen)...IgM secreted and IgG spike comes a while after - with secondary antibody response...body has seen this before so IgG spike comes much sooner!! this is the purpose of vaccinations!! (cause a strong memory response!) |  | 72 |
| 5697403144 | Explain what is happening: A 1 month old infant is exposed to pertussis (whooping cough) but does not become infected | - vaccine was given to mother which is given to the infant (IgG from the mom!) | 73 | |
| 5697417330 | Explain what is happening: A 5 year old child develops cellulitis. A gram stain reveals numerous PMNs (neutrophils) and gram positive bacteria | Innate Response (neutrophils) | 74 | |
| 5697431449 | Humoral Immunity | Antibody immunity | 75 | |
| 5697431450 | Cell-Mediated Immunity | - differs from humoral immunity!! - membrane receptors only! - aimed at intracelluar pathogens! (t cells) - recognizes peptides displayed by MHC molecules on APC | 76 | |
| 5697451872 | Where are MHC II's found? | Antigen Presenting Cells | 77 | |
| 5697451873 | Where are MHC I's found? | all nucleated cells in body!! dendritic, macrophages, B cells | 78 | |
| 5697468692 | Antigen Presenting Cells | dendritic, macrophages, B cells | 79 | |
| 5697477509 | T Helper Cell Functions | - secrete various cytokines! - play a major role in B cell and Tc Cell activation | 80 | |
| 5697481281 | Th1 activates what? | Tc and Macrophages | 81 | |
| 5697481282 | Th2 activates what? | B cells | 82 | |
| 5697494514 | When you see a lab report with increase in neutrophils, what do you think?? | bacterial infection!! | 83 | |
| 5697505890 | Okay...quiz time!! Name that immunity! natural passive natural active artificial passive artificial active |  | 84 | |
| 5697524148 | passive immunity | | 85 | |
| 5697529856 | artificial passive |  | 86 | |
| 5696292956 | Basophils | 87 | ||
| 5697545641 | natural active |  | 88 | |
| 5697561200 | What is the complement? | number of blood proteins produced by the liver, spleen, and macrophages - can be cleaved into fragments, B is usually larger fragment | 89 | |
| 5697574654 | 3 Complement Pathways | classical alternative lectin | 90 | |
| 5697578167 | What happens when all 3 complement pathways are activated? | - induce inflammation - lyse certain infectious agents - opsonize infectious agents - clear immune complexes |  | 91 |
| 5697590866 | What activates the Lectin Complement? | Manna binding to lectin (binds to CHO on bacteria) | 92 | |
| 5697594550 | What activates the Classical pathway? | IgM and IgG - only one IgM needed and two IgG's needed since IgM is a pentamer antibody/antigen immune complexes | 93 | |
| 5697600172 | What activates the alternate pathway? | spontaneous lysis of C3, if binds to bacteria, initatiate pathway | 94 | |
| 5697625085 | What happens when all three pathways converge at C3? | make a MAC (membrane attack complex) | 95 | |
| 5697628491 | What do the b fragments do? | become enzymes!! | 96 | |
| 5697628492 | What do the a fragments do? | anaphylatoxins | 97 | |
| 5697635405 | What molecules are opsonins? | IgG and C3b | 98 | |
| 5697640834 | What do immune complexes trigger? | inflammation and hypersensitivity reactions | 99 | |
| 5697678017 | What do high levels of C3b do to immune complexes? | disrupt them!! make them soluble - can take them to liver and spleen to be removed by attaching C3b to them | 100 | |
| 5697678018 | What are the two important jobs of C3b? | opsonization and elimination of immune complexes |  | 101 |
| 5697678019 | What do C3a and C5a do? | act as anaphylatoxins!! - can cause degranulation of mast cells and basophils without IgE | 102 | |
| 5697766318 | What is the main complement protein for inflammation? | C5a - helps recruit cells to area of inflammation - also helps to degranulate mast cells which release histamine and promote inflammation and vasodilation * increase vascular permeability and stimulates phagocytosis!! | 103 | |
| 5697789494 | MAC complex is critical against what bacteria? | neisseria | 104 | |
| 5697792355 | Recurrent Neisseria infections will point to what deficiency? | MAC Pore Forming Molecules C5-C9 | 105 | |
| 5697807716 | What proteins are most important for inhibiting/regulating the complement? | C1 inhibitor Decay inhibiting factor (DAF) CD59 | 106 | |
| 5697827063 | What happens with C1-INH deficiency (deficiency in complement regulatory proteins) | hereditary angioedema - cant turn off complement!! get massive edema (part of inflammatory response) | 107 | |
| 5697833960 | Which complement deficiency is most severe? | C3 because it includes convergence of all 3 pathways!! | 108 | |
| 5697851255 | How do NK cells determie what to kill? | look for MHC class I cells, if it finds a cell that is not expressing MHC class I, it kills it! | 109 | |
| 5697891208 | What links the heavy and light chains together? | disulfide bonds | 110 | |
| 5697891209 | HOw many domains do light chains have? | 2!! 1 V and 1 C | 111 | |
| 5697891210 | How many domains do heavy chains have? | 4-5 domains! 1 V and 3-4 C | 112 | |
| 5697891211 | What does the constant region of an antibody determine? | the isotype!! IgG, IgA, IgM etc (this determiens the function) | 113 | |
| 5697891212 | What does the variable region of an antibody determine? | the specificity!! | 114 | |
| 5697891213 | What segments compose variable region of the heavy chain? of the light chain? | V, D, and J = heavy chain V and J = light chain | 115 | |
| 5697898140 | What are the 5 heavy chain and 2 light chain classes | 5 heavy chain classes (μ,δ,γ,α, and ε) 2 light chain classes (κ and λ) | 116 | |
| 5697906364 | What enzyme is required for heavy chain rearrangement? | recombinase made up of Rag-1 and Rag-2 | 117 | |
| 5697911079 | Rag1 and Rag2 deficiency? | no recombinase! cant make B cells or T cells results in SCID | 118 | |
| 5697921303 | When does somatic hypermutation occur? | after contact with antigen!! | 119 | |
| 5697926583 | What does TDT do? terminal deoxynucleotidal transferase | messes with DNA polymerase and changes nucleotide sequence (changes specificity of response) | 120 | |
| 5697932407 | When is TDT active!! | only during early development | 121 | |
| 5697941128 | Allelic Exclusion | - B cells are diploid - but...a B cell will only express the rearranged H chain genes from 1 chromosome and L chain from 1 chromosome - this insures that every b and t cell is specific for one antigen - if using moms, exclude dads | 122 | |
| 5697960047 | Predominant Antibody made during primary immune response | IgM *first antibody made in neonates - pentameric in serum - high number of binding sites (avidity) low affinity (strenght of holding) - seen on cell membrnae as monomer | 123 | |
| 5697970437 | IgD | bound to B cells membrane! - antigen receptor on B cells - low levels in plasma - dont fully know function | 124 | |
| 5697981293 | Coexpression of IgM and IgD on same cell | Mature B cells have both IgM and IgD - have different constant regions (isotypes) but same variable region!! so bind the same antigens | 125 | |
| 5697988662 | How does class switching occur for IgG? | via Th1 cells and IFN-gamma | 126 | |
| 5697994170 | What is the predominant antibody in serum? | IgG | 127 | |
| 5697997318 | When does IgG predominate? Why? | during secondary immune response!!! IgG spike!! - this is because its a high affinity antibody!! | 128 | |
| 5698001451 | Functions of IgG | - opsonization - cytotoxicity - activation of complement - crosses the placenta! | 129 | |
| 5698022389 | Mother is diagnosed with Rubella.....Scenario 1: you find IgG in her, what does this mean for baby? Scenario 2: you find IgM in her, what does this mean for baby? | Scenario 1: IgG means the baby is safe because IgG has crossed placenta and is protecting fetus Scenario 2: IgM tells us its the first time having infection and fetus is at risk | 130 | |
| 5698039377 | How does class switching occur for IgA? | - secretion of TGF-beta from infected cells and IL-5 (mostly in mucosa) | 131 | |
| 5698045579 | What is the predominant antibody in mucosa? why? | IgA why? because its secreted! so it can protect itself (secretory component is what protects it from degredation!!) | 132 | |
| 5698052367 | IgA: dimer or monomer in secretions? | dimer!! (example: breast milk) | 133 | |
| 5698066907 | Which antibody is passed through breast milk? | IgA in dimer form | 134 | |
| 5698068962 | IgE: levels in plasma | very low!! - binds to mast cells and basophils - attacks parasites!! | 135 | |
| 5698078215 | IgE causes what type of hypersensitivity reaction? | Type 1 | 136 | |
| 5698135727 | Antigen Independent Stage of B cell development occurs where? | bone marrow |  | 137 |
| 5698138573 | Antigen Dependent Stage of B cell development occurs where? | periphery - this is the change of mature B cells to memory and plasma cells | 138 | |
| 5697860341 | What links the heavy and light chains together? | disulfide bonds | 139 | |
| 5697645127 | What do high levels of C3b do to immune complexes? | 140 | ||
| 5697534074 | artificial active |  | 141 | |
| 5700974565 | 3 Complement pathways | | 142 | |
| 5700994330 | Which markers are expressed the entire development life of the B cell? | MHC II and CD19,20,21, CD40 | 143 | |
| 5700995743 | When is Tdt expressed during development of B cell? | only during pro and a little of pre stage *ONLY during heavy chain development | 144 | |
| 5701003903 | What does cyto mu+ mean? | heavy chain waiting in cytoplasm for light chains!! dont travel to surface by themselves *tells us we have a pre-B cell in bone marrow!! | 145 | |
| 5701013454 | When does surface IgM show in the development of B cell? | immature B cell | 146 | |
| 5701015964 | When does surface IgD and IgM show in development of B cell? | mature B cell | 147 | |
| 5701019959 | What markers are found on a plasma cell? | cytoplasmic Ig+ | 148 | |
| 5701021891 | What markers are found on a memory B cell? | IgG+, IgA+, or IgE+ | 149 | |
| 5701024389 | When does rag expression occur? | Pro, Pre, and halfway into Immature | 150 | |
| 5701030541 | Immautre IgM on a B cell tells us what? | Cell is in selection!! | 151 | |
| 5701040102 | What happens to soluble self-antigen B cells in bone marrow? | migrate to periphery and become anergic B cells | 152 | |
| 5701047352 | How do B cells get activated? | when they come into contact with an antigen - become memory or plasma cells | 153 | |
| 5701052654 | When are germinal centers found? where? | only during actual immune responses!! - found in lymph nodes and spleen (secondary lymph tissue) |  | 154 |
| 5701064689 | Without T cell help, what happens to activated B cells? | no class switching to different antibody isotypes | 155 | |
| 5701069472 | T Cell Independent Antigens Vs T Cell Dependent Antigens | Independent: dont need T cell help but produce weaker antibody response and no class switching Dependent: need T cell help - need CD40/CD40: interaction for class switching | 156 | |
| 5701077720 | Inability to express CD40L on TH cells | hyper IgM syndrome: makes alot of IgM that cant class switch deficiency of IgG, IgA, IgE fails to make germinal centers - leads to reccurent resp infections and GI infections from lack of IgA | 157 | |
| 5701092654 | Receptors on B cell | MHC II CD40 B7 |  | 158 |
| 5701094980 | Receptors on Helper T cell | CD28 TCR CD40L cytokines | | 159 |
| 5701116884 | What 3 important events occur within the germinal center during antigen dependent B cell development? | - class switching - plasma/memory cell formation - affinity maturation | 160 | |
| 5701122601 | What receptor interaction is required from T helper cell to undergo Class switching? | Cd40/CD40L *once this communication occurs, the B cell rearranges the constant region to change isotypes (ex IgM to IgG) - no effect on variable domain!! same specificity - occurs AFTER b cell has come into contact with antigen | 161 | |
| 5701149596 | What happens to affinity during the course of an immune response? | affinity increases!! | 162 | |
| 5701153459 | Comparison of IgM affinity to IgG affinity | * IgG....much higher affinity!! | 163 | |
| 5701175957 | What is the function of HLA's? | bind antigenic peptides!! and present them to T cells | 164 | |
| 5701178935 | HLA Class I Function | Present antigens to Tc Cells Responsible for presentation of endogenous antigens (viral) | 165 | |
| 5701181299 | HLA Class II Function | Presents antigens to TH cells Responsible for presentation of exogenous antigens (extracellular bacteria) | 166 | |
| 5701192675 | What molecule is required for proper folding of Class I HLA? | B2 microglobulin | 167 | |
| 5701196138 | What type of cells are class II HLA''s expressed on? | antigen presenting cells! (APCs) macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells | 168 | |
| 5701207187 | HLA molecules are in the ER and peptides are in the cytoplasm, how do the HLA molecules get loaded? | TAP1 and TAP 2-molecular tunnels-transport the viral peptides from the cytoplasm into the ER Required for class 1 MHC expression TAP=Transporter of Ag Processing | 169 | |
| 5701210126 | Deletion in TAP1 or TAP2 | couldnt have MHC class I on cells | 170 | |
| 5701211926 | HLA class I + antigen are in the ER, how do they make it to the cell surface to present antigen to TC cells? | Vesicular transport through the golgi and to the surface | 171 | |
| 5701218585 | What do proteosomes do for endogenous antigen processing? | cut the viral peptides so they are 8-10aa in length for the MHC class I to pick it up! *serve as a paper shredder | 172 | |
| 5701241925 | Dendritic cell expresses class I or II MHC? | both!! | 173 | |
| 5701246262 | Cross Priming | Dendritic cells have both class I and II MHCs - this means antigens from viral infected cells can be released into cytoplasm and epressed on dendritics cells class i and II MHC molecules - Th and Tc molecules can be stimulatated from the viral antigens at the same time!! |  | 174 |
| 5701275019 | Autoimmune diseases: usually associated with MHC I or MHC II? | class II | 175 | |
| 5701281511 | What can help increase the expression of class II MHC? | = some viruses (but more commonly decreased by viruses) IFN-gamma and TNF | 176 | |
| 5701288051 | What viruses can decrease expression of Class II MHC? | CMV HBV Adenovirus | 177 | |
| 5701291202 | What happens with decreased MHC Class II expression d/t virus? | NK cells take over | 178 | |
| 5701295004 | CMV proteins can bind to what? | B2 microglobulin!! this prevents the proper assembly of Class I MHC molecules | 179 | |
| 5701298034 | HLA Summary |  | 180 | |
| 5701317922 | A 37 year old women presents to the ED with fever, vomiting, and rash. On PR she is found to have a temp of 104.5, BP 80/58, and tachycardia. She is diagnosed with septic shock caused by E. coli. Which cytokines would most likely be responsible for the high fever? Which cytokines would be responsible for shutting down the immune response? | Fever: IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha Shutting down immune response: IL-10 | 181 | |
| 5701323653 | What are cytokines | chemical messengers of immune system - include interferons, chemokines, interleukins | 182 | |
| 5701328631 | Chemokine | cytokine that functions in chemotaxis - attract WBCs to area of inflammation | 183 | |
| 5701752295 | Example of Autocrine Cytokine | - IL2 made by T cells for T cells | 184 | |
| 5701782158 | pleiotropy | one cytokine can do multiple things | 185 | |
| 5701785430 | redundancy | multiple cytokines have the same function so there is multiple overlap | 186 | |
| 5701789277 | Antagonist Cytokines | IL-10 will shut down pro-inflammatory response | 187 | |
| 5701800436 | Il-2 Function | causes T cna B cell proliferation AUTOCRINE FUNCTION!! Stimulates growth and differentiation of T cells (TH and CTL), B cells, and NK cells | 188 | |
| 5701803706 | Il-4 Function | causes B Cells to make differnt antibotides | 189 | |
| 5701807903 | mutation in gamma chains of Il-2R leads to what? | SCID | 190 | |
| 5701827118 | IL-2 and IL-4 share what similar structure? | gamma chain of IL-2R |  | 191 |
| 5701852498 | Th1 cytokines | IFN-gamma TNF-alpha IL-6, IL-12 | 192 | |
| 5701855281 | Th2 cytokines | IL-4 IL-5 Il-10 | 193 | |
| 5701865781 | Interferons-alpha/beta effect on viruses! | anti-viral!! - IFN-alpha is used to treat HBV, HCV, HHV-8 IFN-bea is used to treat MS | 194 | |
| 5701878658 | Function of IFN-alph and Beta | shut down protein synthesis in uninfected cells - degrades DS RNA - gives uninfected cell communicated to protect itself | 195 | |
| 5701883683 | IFN-gamma function | activates macrophages to stimulate intracellular killing and inhibits Th2 response | 196 | |
| 5701917181 | What induces IFN-gamma? | IL-12 and or IL-18 | 197 | |
| 5701920002 | What is IFN-gamma used to treat? | chronic granulomatous disease | 198 | |
| 5701934065 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor *cytokine with ability to kill tumor cells - alpha made by macrophages, T cell, and fibroblasts - beta made by activate B and T cells | 199 | |
| 5701945136 | Side effect of anti-TNF drugs | increased suspectibility to diseae (suppressed immune response) | 200 | |
| 5701951266 | Clinical Uses of TNF-alpha inhibitors | RA crohn psoariasis (humira, enbrel, remicade) | 201 | |
| 5701973142 | Il-1B | Made by macrophages Induces febrile response, acute phase proteins Induces pro-inflammatory response Exists as a proprotein in the inflammasome Proteolytically processed by caspase 1 | 202 | |
| 5701984902 | CLINICAL use of IL-2 | blocks Il-2 signaling - increases success of organ transplants | 203 | |
| 5701994009 | IL-4 and Il-5 Functions | Made predominantly by TH2 cells IL-4 Promotes class switching from IgM to IgE, IgG Inhibits IFN-γ production IL-5 Helps isotype switch to IgA TGF-β required Induces eosinophil development/differentiation Clinical IL-4 inhibitors Omalizumab, xolair Monoclonal antibody against IL-4 Used to treat serious allergies | 204 | |
| 5701996084 | Clinical Use of Il-4 inhibitors | used to treat serious allergies | 205 | |
| 5702000835 | Il-6 Function | Acute phase proteins, febrile response Stimulates hematopoiesis Acts on plasma cells Can help with antibody switch to IgG Induces TH17 cells to become Tregs Clinical uses of IL-6 inhibitors MRA (anti-IL-6 receptor) Used to treat Rheumatoid arthritis | 206 | |
| 5702007739 | Il-12 Function | Made predominantly by macrophages Induces differentiation of TH cells to TH1 cells Thought to be first cytokine responsible for stimulating immune response Synergizes with IL-18 to induce IFN-γ from TH1 cells IL-12 is the SOS signal | 207 | |
| 5702014497 | TGF-beta | induces IgA isotype switching of B cells | 208 | |
| 5702021115 | Il-8 or CXCL8 | chemotaxic! attract leukocytes to site of inflammation | 209 | |
| 5702028285 | Growth Factor cytokines | Il-3: growth factor for WBC Il-7 growth factor for lymphocytes (B and T cells) | 210 | |
| 5702068005 | Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF) | **GM-CSF : growth factor for hematopoietic stem cells and granulocyte/monocytes **M-CSF (macrophage): essential for macrophage production **G-CSF (granulocyte) :essential for neutrophils **Erythropoietin (EPO): growth factor for RBC | 211 | |
| 5702076373 | Clinical Uses of Hematopoietic Cytokines |  | 212 | |
| 5702103796 | TCR differs from BCR in 2 major ways | - TCR is NEVER secreted - TCR must recognize antigen + MHC and not free antigen - can only bind one antigen | 213 | |
| 5702127786 | What t cell signaling molecule is analogous to IgB and IgA on B cells? | CD3 (found on ALL t cells) | 214 | |
| 5702148646 | Drugs which specifically block the function of CD3 | wont have any t cells in immune system!! | 215 | |
| 5702166012 | is recombinase needed for TCR gene rearrangement? | yes!! | 216 | |
| 5703253981 | Where does t cell development and maturation occur? | thymus | 217 | |
| 5703254055 | Where does thymic education occur? | thymus | 218 | |
| 5703259856 | Where are progenitor t cells released from? | bone marrow (then migrate to thymus where they receive thymic education to know the difference between MHC 1 and MHC 2) | 219 | |
| 5703282977 | What is found in the cortex of the thymus? | immature lymphocytes that are undergoing selection *nurse cells (specialized epithelial cells) | 220 | |
| 5703288753 | What is found in the medulla of the thymus? | cells that survive selection - more mature thymocytes | 221 | |
| 5703300345 | Will you have a thymus with SCID? | no!! if there are no t cells then thymus atrophies and dies | 222 | |
| 5703327030 | T Cell Ontogeny |  | 223 | |
| 5703334912 | Positive Selection | ensures that the ab TCRs in a given individual will bind to self MHC - if you cant bind MHC, then you die |  | 224 |
| 5703342611 | Negative Selection | ensure that thymocytes that have a high affinity for self MHC or self antigen MHC are removed!! (getting rid of bad stuff) | 225 | |
| 5703508358 | What happens to T cells that have matured in the thymus? | leave and enter the periphery in search of an antigen - considered to be naive until they come into contact with antigen | 226 | |
| 5703523395 | Where do t cells initially come into contact with antigen? | secondary lymphoid tissue! (spleen, lymph nodes ,and tertiary lymphoid tissue) | 227 | |
| 5703532381 | What initiates T cell activation? what else is required? | - interaction of TCR with antigen/MHC complex initiates activation but other signals are required!! (costimulatiory signals = CD28 on T cell to B7 on APC) | 228 | |
| 5703545113 | What are the only cells that can present antigens to Th Cells? | Anitgen presenting cells because they have co-stimulatory molecules!!! (B7) | 229 | |
| 5703567320 | Where are APCs found? | llymphatic tissue (secondary tissue) or in organs themselves | 230 | |
| 5703573376 | How do macrophages activate naive T cells? | once they are activated by IFN-gamma | 231 | |
| 5703609399 | Once t cell is activated , what il's does it release to cause more t cell activation and proliferation? | Il-2 | 232 | |
| 5703616153 | What does CAM do during Th cell-macrophage interaction? | adhesion molecule - helps keep cells together long enough for all of the signals to be passed bakc and forth | 233 | |
| 5703627426 | What does macrophage release once attached to t cell? | Il-1, Il-6 and TNF-alpha (pro-inflammatory agents) - also upregulates MHC II and oxygen depending mechanisms to degrade pathogen | 234 | |
| 5703637576 | What is CTLA-4 | down regulator!! when it binds to B7 it turns off the immune system - cancer cells use this so they dont get killed by the immune system | 235 | |
| 5703656939 | Which cytokines from Th cells activate both B cells and macrophages? | Il-4 and IFN-gamma | 236 | |
| 5703674917 | Signaling Pathway in T cells |  | 237 | |
| 5703702545 | How do superantigens cause massive immune response? i.e. toxic shock syndrome | - superantigens bind to TCR and MHC II - cuases overactivation of T cells * they bind OUTSIDE of the peptide binding clef which means less specificty and activation of numerous clones of T cells....massive immune response!!!! |  | 238 |
| 5703975714 | What are the 3 main TH subsets | TH1 (cell mediated immunity) Th2 (parasites) Th 17 (inflammation and extracellular pathogens) | 239 | |
| 5703980672 | What is the function of Th1 | delayed type hypersensitivity helping the development of CD8+ TC cells produces IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-β, IL-3 and GM-CSF Helps activate macrophages and class switch to IgG down regulates TH2 response via IFN-γ | 240 | |
| 5703985477 | What is the function of Th2 | help produce IgE produces IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 IL-4 and IL-13 class swtich to IgE IL-5 and TGF-β class switch to IgA downregulates TH1 responses via IL-10 | 241 | |
| 5703989466 | What downregulates Th1 responses | Il-10 secreted by th2 | 242 | |
| 5703993454 | what downregulates th2 responses | IFN-gamma secreted by th1 | 243 | |
| 5703997331 | Function of Th17 | inlammation and extracellular pathogens - inflammation -produces cytokines il-17 and il-22 | 244 | |
| 5704010542 | What do regulatory t clles require for development? | TGF-beta | 245 | |
| 5704010543 | What is the function of Tregs | make Il-10 which shuts off Th1 response!! - prevents/limits activation of th1 cells *deficiences of tregs seen in people with severe immune dysregulation and autoimmunity | 246 | |
| 5704050837 | Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Reaction | Th1 Response - macrophages are often targets for infection with intracellular pathogens | 247 | |
| 5704159466 | What does the release of cytokines such as IFN-gamma from Th1 cells cause to happen/ | activates macrophages!! turn cell killing up a notch | 248 | |
| 5704178449 | Full effector function of CD8's requires what? | IL-2 from activated Th1 cell | 249 | |
| 5704186503 | What do CD8s use to kill cells |  | 250 | |
| 5704208552 | What does perforin release by cytotoxic t cells do? | punch holes in target cell and then inject enzymes in there that kill it | 251 | |
| 5704679760 | What causes chronic granulomatous disease? | mutation in genes for NADPH - x linked, usually males - severe and recurrent infections with catalase positive organisms - infections if unresolved lead to formation of granulomas | 252 | |
| 5704859174 | If someone is having reccurrent catalase positive disease...what will we think? | chronic granulomatous diseases (cell seals off bacteria in granules because it cant kill it off) | 253 |
