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| 16896373 | Guptas | suffured pressure from nomadic invaders; m. 4th - m. 5th century, rulers resisted pressures & preserved order throughout Indian subcontinent; invaded by White Huns; collapsed by m. 6th century | 0 | |
| 16896374 | White Huns | nomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration | 1 | |
| 16896375 | Harsha | 606-648CE; temporarily restored unified rule in most of northern India; sought to revive imperial authority; came to throne in lower Ganges Valley at age 16; energetic & ambitious; led army throughout northern India; reputaion: piety, liberality & scholarship; Buddhist; built hospitalsl; provided free medical care for subjects; patronized scholars; wrote 3 plays; unable to restore permanent centralized rule; couldn't overcome local ruler's authorities; traveled on horseback throughout realm to solidify alliances with local rulers; managed hold of loose empire together mainly by force; assassinated; left no heir | 2 | |
| 16897026 | Sind | conquered by Islam in 711; passed into hands of Abbassid Empire; stood on fringe of Islamic world; population: Hindu, Buddhist, or Parsee; sheltered series of unorthodox Islamic movements; remained under jurisdiction of caliphs until collapse of Abbassid Empire | 3 | |
| 16897027 | Umayyad Empire | conquered Sind & Indus River Valley; incorporated it as province to expand empire | 4 | |
| 16897028 | Abbassids | cosmopolitan Arabic dynasty; replaced Umayyads; founded Abu al-Abbass; reached peak under Harun-al-Rashid; conquered Sind; collapsed 1258 | 5 | |
| 16897029 | Muhmud of Ghazni | leader of Turks in Afghanistan; turned attention to rich land in south; 1001-1027, mounted 17 raiding expeditions to India; annexed many states in northwestern India & Punjab; less interest in conquering & ruling India than plundering wealth stored in temples; demolished lots of sites having to do with Hindu of Buddhist faith; campaigns brought Buddhism to declind; frequently established mosques/Islamic shrines on Hindu/Buddhist structures; raids kept Indians out | 6 | |
| 16897030 | The Delhi Sultanate | Islamic state established in northern India after Hindu Kingdoms had been conquered; strategic site controlling access from Punjab to Ganges Valley; ruled northern India for more than 3 centuries: 1206-1526; state army ranked among most powerful of Islamic world during 14th century; authority didn't extend out of Delhi; conducted raids in Deccan regions of India; never overcame Hindu resistance; no permanent bureaucracy/administrative apparatus; northern India imposed veneer of Islamic political & military authority on land population by Hindus; depended on Hindus to carry out policies & advance interests in local regions; supported Islam & helpes establish secure place for faith in cultural landscape of India | 7 | |
| 16898938 | The Chola Kingdom | one of the 2 kingdoms which expanded in southern India; situated in deep south; ruled coromandel coast more than 5 centuries; high point: 11th century; conquered Ceylon & parts of southeast Asia; trade financed them; navy dominated waters from southern China Sea to Arabian Sea; no tight centralized rule-->allowed considerable autonomy for village & local institutions as long as they maintained order & delivered taxes on time; 12th century: decline; reduced in size & power by 13th century; never entirely collapsed | 8 | |
| 16898939 | Kingdom of Vijayanagar | second state which dominated southern India; based in northern Deccan; owned origin to efforts by Delhi Sultans to extend authority to southern India; "City of Victory"; dominant state from m. 14th century - 1565; 1565 fell to alliance with Muslim kingdoms; independent empire | 9 | |
| 16898940 | Harihara & Bukka | Turkish brothers; dispatched by Delhi officials to represent Sultan; implemented cout policies in south; converted from Hinduism to Islam; recognized opportunity to establish themselves as independent rulers; 1336, renounced Islam & returned to Hindu faith; proclaimed establishment of Vijayanagar empire | 10 | |
| 16898941 | Reservoir at Bhopal | artificial lake built during 11th century; lined with brick & stone; captured spring & summer rains & saved them for dry months; covered 650 square kilometers | 11 | |
| 16899736 | Axum | "Aksum"; shows potential | 12 |
