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| 1387710219 | Origins of Indian nationalism - first strand | Two strands after Indian Mutiny, both essentially non-violent 1. Educated elite in large cities - Madras, Bombay, Calcutta - sophisticated and westernized elite educated at western-style institutions with western political and philosophical ideas Quasi-political groupings - 1876 - Indian association - dominated by educated young men, e.g. Surendranath Banerjea - Cambridge degree, dismissed from ICS Branches throughout towns of Bengal, wanted to secure greater Indian involvement in municipal government 1888 - 124 branch associations as a result of efforts to reach out beyond big cities | 0 | |
| 1387710220 | Second strand | Religious, Hindu revivalist Poona - Brahmins with western education and modern professions dominated Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, petitioned government on matters such as Lord Lytton's restrictions on press freedom in 1870s and Indian recruitment to ICS By 1880s, Hindu revivalists saw western civilization as threat 1882 - "Anandamath" by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee - saw Muslim tyranny as threat to Hindu Bengali culture, bemoaned westernization of Bengali babu 1891 - Government age of consent bill proposed making intercourse with girl under 12 statutory rape even if married, mass meetings held in Calcutta and Poona to oppose bill 1870s - rise of cow protection societies in northern India Anti-Muslim (cows sacrificed at Muslim festivals) and anti-British, way for merchant and farming castes to demonstrate piety improve status | 1 | |
| 1387710221 | British actions | 1872 - Bombay Municipal Act - gave ratepayers right to elect half members of reformed corporation for city 1882 - Lord Ripon created municipal committees responsible for roads, schools and sewerage, some members elected, both nationalist strands benefited Calcutta Corporation - 75% of commissioners elected 1888 - all graduates given right to vote at ward elections 1883 - British response to Ilbert Bill - Maria Misra - enraged Indian public opinion, showed that color-blind justice was a sham | 2 | |
| 1387710222 | Early years of Congress | 1885 - first All India National Congress was convened Annual "gathering" rather than formal party (Keay), no formal constitution until 1899, proceedings lasted 8 days Founded by Alan Octavian Hume - Scot, former member of Calcutta government, liberal Western-educated, middle-class Indians in prominent roles Dadabhai Naoroji - key early leader, Parsi, based in London from 1860s Pherozeshah Mehta Badruddin Tyabji - One of few prominent Muslims in Congress Surendranath Banerjea INC gradualist and moderate - Naoroji said Congress possible thanks to "British rule and British rule only" Demands - greater access to higher echelons of civil service and councils of state, alleviating Indian poverty Political pressure on viceroys to keep to terms of Queen Victoria's 1858 proclamation - promised all would be "freely and impartially admitted to office in our service" Communal issues avoided - 1887 - Congress refused to discuss resolution on cow-killing, biggest political issue in Hindu community Disunity based on caste and religious divisions, animosity between leaders - 1898 - 3 defamation suits exchanged between Banerjea and Motilal Ghose 1912 - Creation of Madras Dravidian association as reaction to prevalence of Brahmins in Congress 1897 - Only 23/1183 Muslim delegates | 3 | |
| 1387710223 | Tilak | Bal Ganghadar Tilak - Brahmin with powerbase around Poona Organized festivals exalting Ganesh - anti-British 1910 - over 70 towns holding festivals, suppressed by British Marathi newspaper criticized British rule Motto - "swaraj is my birthright and I will have it" 1897 - Tilak sentenced to 8 months in prison - something he printed said to have incited assassination of British official Radical figure in Congress 1906 Congress - attempted to create "New Party" dedicated to boycott tactics 1907 Congress - failed bid for leadership demonstrated lack of support Removed by government deportation order, not allowed to return to India until 1914 | 4 |
