Terms : Hide Images
| 42779506 | Industrial Revolution | changes beginning in the 1700s when power-driven machines began to do much of the work that people had done before | |
| 42779507 | Enclosure Movement | practice of fencing or enclosing common lands into individual holdings | |
| 42779508 | Crop Rotation | the practice of alternating crops of different kinds to preserve soil fertility | |
| 42779509 | Factors of Production | basic resources necessary for industrialization, such as land, capital, entrepreneurship, and labor | |
| 42779510 | Mechanization | use of automatic machinery to increase production | |
| 42779511 | Domestic System | method of production in which work is done in homes rather than in a shop or factory | |
| 42779512 | Factory System | production of goods in factory through the use of machines and a large number of workers | |
| 42779513 | Bessemer Process | method of making steel that involves the forcing of air through molten iron to burn off carbon and other impurities | |
| 42779514 | Capitalism | economic system in which private individuals rather than the government control the factors of production | |
| 42779515 | Commercial Capitalism | early phase of capitalism involving merchants who bought, sold, and exchanged goods | |
| 42779516 | Industrial Capitalism | type of capitalism occurring during the Industrial Revolution when capitalists were involved in producing and manufacturing goods themselves , often using mechanized and industrialized methods of production | |
| 42779517 | Division of Labor | characteristic of civilizations in which different people perform different jobs | |
| 42779518 | Interchangeable Parts | that can go equally well in other components (Eli Whitney gets credit) | |
| 42779519 | Mass Production | system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items | |
| 42779520 | Sole Proprietorship | business owned and controlled by one person | |
| 42779521 | Partnership | business owned and controlled by two or more people | |
| 42779522 | Corporation | business organization in which individuals buy shares of stock, elect directors to decide policies and hire managers, and receive dividends according to the number of shares they own | |
| 42779523 | Monopoly | complete control of the production or sale of a good or service by a single firm | |
| 42779524 | Cartels | combinations of corporations that control an entire industry | |
| 42779525 | Business Cycle | pattern consisting of alternating periods of prosperity and decline | |
| 42779526 | Depression | lowest point of a business cycle | |
| 42779527 | Free Enterprise | economic system based on supply, demand, and competition, where laws and regulations are thought to interfere with the working of the system | |
| 42779528 | Laissez-faire | belief that the government should not interfere with the operations of business | |
| 42779529 | Utilitarianism | belief that the principle of utility, or usefulness, was the standard by which to measure a society and its laws | |
| 42779530 | Strike | bargaining method involving the refusal of workers to work until their demands have been met | |
| 42779531 | Unions | associations of workers that plan actions and coordinate demands for workers | |
| 42779532 | Collective bargaining | process of negotiation between union members and management | |
| 42779533 | Socialism | political and economic system in which the government owns the means of production | |
| 42779534 | Utopian Socialists | persons who believe that people can live at peace with each other if they live in small cooperative settlements, owning all of the means of production in common and sharing the products | |
| 42779535 | Bourgeoisie | city-dwelling middle class, made up of merchants, manufacturers, and professional people such as doctors and lawyers; in Marxist philosophy, owners of property | |
| 42779536 | Proletariat | name given by Marx to the working class | |
| 42779537 | Authoritarian Socialism | economic and political system in which the government owns almost all the means of production and controls economic planning; communism | |
| 42779538 | Communism | economic and political system in which the government owns almost all of the means of production and controls economic planning authoritarian socialism | |
| 42779539 | Democratic Socialism | political system in which the government takes over the means of production peacefully; people retain basic human rights and partial control over economic planning | |
| 42779540 | John Stuart Mill | believed in laissez-faire but believed government should work for the well being of all | |
| 42779541 | Jethro Tull | Invented seed drill | |
| 42779542 | John Deere | invented the steel-shod plow | |
| 42779544 | Richard Arkwright | Invented water frame in 1769, opened first spinning mill | |
| 42779545 | James Hargreaves | invented spinning jenny in 1760 | |
| 42779547 | Edmund Cartwright | invented power loom | |
| 42779548 | Eli Whitney | invented the cotton gin in 1793 and interchangeable parts | |
| 42779549 | Charles Goodyear | discovered processes of curing and vulcanizing rubber (rubber industry) | |
| 42779550 | Robert Fulton | used steam engine to establish the first regular steamboat service; Fulton's Folly, The Clermont | |
| 42779551 | Samuel Morse | invented Morse Code and the telegraph | |
| 42779552 | Alexander Graham Bell | invented the telephone | |
| 42779553 | Jeremy Bentham | argued the theory of utilitarianism; "Principles of Morals and Legislation". | |
| 42779554 | Henry Bessemer | Developed cheaper process of producing steel by forcing air through molten iron to burn off impurities | |
| 42779555 | John MacAdam | developed method of building better roads by laying stones on each other | |
| 42779556 | Karl Marx | German journalist, co-author of the "Communist Manifesto" and founder of communism | |
| 42779557 | David Ricardo | English business leader and politician who believed supply and demand determine wages should operate in a free market (1772-1823) | |
| 42779558 | James Watt | developed the steam engine | |
| 42779559 | Sir Thomas More | English humanist who described a model community in the book "Utopia" | |
| 42779560 | Adam Smith | author of Wealth of Nations who argued that two natural laws regulate the economy | |
| 42779561 | Cyrus Field | laid first transatlantic telegraph cable | |
| 42779562 | Charles Dickens | English author who used novels to attack selfish business leaders | |
| 42779563 | Thomas Malthus | professor of economics and author who believed that population increase posed the greatest challenge to human progress; Economics is the dismal science! | |
| 42970893 | Charles (or Robert) "Turnip" Townshend | Implemented crop rotation | |
| 42970894 | George Stephenson | successfully invented a locomotive engine, which revolutionized rail transport. | |
| 42970895 | Josiah Wedgewood | An English maker of pottery and china, he developed mass production of quality porcelain. Signature blue or pink with cameo inset. | |
| 42970896 | Chartism | The movement of supporters of the People's Charter (drawn up in Britain in 1838), which sought to transform Britain into a democracy and demanded universal suffrage for men, vote by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, annual elections, and the elimination of property qualifications for and the payment of stipends to members of Parliament. | |
| 42970897 | Luddites | In 19th century Britain, some workers, accurately predicting that the factory system would replace them, joined forces and attacked factories and destroyed machines. Their movement lasted from 1811-1. | |
| 42970898 | urbanization | city building and the movement of people to cities | |
| 42970899 | Benjamin Disraeli | Name the British conservative Prime Minister who was responsible for extending the vote to working class males in 1867. | |
| 42970900 | Botany Bay | Australian penal colony | |
| 42970901 | Otto von Bismarck | 1871 responsible for the unification of Germany | |
| 42970902 | Camillo de Carvour | Responsible for unification of Italy; becomes Victor Emmanuel II | |
| 42970903 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | 1830s Italian leader, credited with unifying Italy | |
| 42970904 | Toussaint L'ouverture | Freed slaves in Haiti; brought Haiti to independence | |
| 42970905 | Horsepower | is the term used to measure the strength of a machine as horses used to power machines | |
| 42970906 | The Communist Manifesto | Pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; basis of Socialism. | |
| 42970907 | Whig | British party more responsive to commercial and manufacturing interests. | |
| 42970908 | Infrastructure | basic facilities and services that support a community like the system of roads, buildings, bridges, and tunnels | |
| 42970909 | turnpike | A toll road; privately built road that charges a fee to travelers who use it | |
| 43078390 | Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) | |
| 43078391 | jingoism | extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy | |
| 43078392 | pogrom | Russian word used to describe organized violence against Jews. | |
| 43078393 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877) | |
| 43078394 | Andrew Carnegie | A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. | |
| 43078395 | John D. Rockefeller | Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. | |
| 43078396 | Social Gospel Movement | a movement emphasizing the application of Christian principles to social problems | |
| 43078397 | sphere of influence | A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities. | |
| 43078398 | chancellor | the person who is head of state in Germany | |
| 43078399 | sepoy | An Indian soldier serving under British command. | |
| 43078400 | zemstvo | Russian locally elected assemblies responsible for matters such as road repair, schools, and agriculture | |
| 43078401 | anarchy | a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government) | |
| 43078402 | kaiser | a German emperor (from the Roman title Caesar) | |
| 43078403 | imperialism | policy of powerful countries seeking to control the economic and political affairs of weaker countries or regions | |
| 43078404 | autocracy | government by one person having unlimited power | |
| 43824684 | Samuel Slater | the father of the factory system, first person to share British secrets of textile machines with Americans by reconstructing a machine to spin thread. Moses Brown and he started a water-powered textile mill in Pawtucket, RI | |
| 43824685 | Rudolf Diesel | German engineer (born in France) who invented the diesel engine (1858-1913) | |
| 43824686 | Karl Benz | German mechanical engineer who designed and in 1885 built the world's first practical automobile to be powered by an internal-combustion; it had 3 wheels! | |
| 43824687 | Tory | political party in Britain controlled by aristocracy | |
| 43824688 | Lowell mill girls | Textile mills owned by Francis Cabot Lowell located in the factory town of Lowell, Massachusetts |
