Chapter 24
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| 786377124 | How did industrialization change what the Europeans sought after overseas? | No longer did the Europeans want spices or manufactured goods, but raw materials such as metals, oils, dyes, cotton, and hemp. | 0 | |
| 599312524 | How did changes in global power relationships result from industrialization? | European countries were finally able to counterbalance the import versus export ratio. | 1 | |
| 199619597 | How did cultural and political connections change in the age of industrialization? | European leaders no longer took initiatives to promote Christianity overseas. The fears fueling expansion no longer came from other civilizations but from internal rivalries. | 2 | |
| 763475475 | How did the age of industrialization affect the effectiveness by which Europeans could build true empires overseas? | Industrial technologies and techniques of organization and discipline gave them the ability to infiltrate foreign land. | 3 | |
| 1049791989 | What was weird about how overseas empires were set up? | the East India companies which were granted monopolies of trade didn't want to get involved with political stuff and wars because it was very expensive. However, on the spot, the men in charge became steadily involved. Their company directors and prime ministers had little control over them before the invention of the telegraph, so letters took long to get there; by then they could've already conquered kingdoms. | 4 | |
| 674757620 | How did the Dutch gain control of Java and how did their policies change? | the Dutch initially just struggled to survive. They were vassals to the sultans of Mataram who they paid tribute to. Later they started getting involved in the wars against Mataram, and the sultans had to pay them for their great military power. Each time, the Dutch got more and more land. | 5 | |
| 192043544 | How was British expansion in India similar to Dutch expansion in Java? | They started out as just peaceful working with rulers, but then the rulers saw them as allies they could control to crush competitors and the like. | 6 | |
| 16271800 | How was the British expansion in India unlike the Dutch expansion in Java? | The conquer of much of India was a result of victories against the French there as a result of five global wars between the two. | 7 | |
| 12642630 | How did Bengal affect the establishment of British empire in India? | The battle of Plassey was key. In this Robert Clive battled Siraj ud-daulu, the nawah (ruler) of Bengal. The victory gave the British the fertile and populous kingdom. | 8 | |
| 825918495 | How was the battle of Plassey won? | The reason a host of only 3000 could beat an army of more than 50,000 was because Clive's Indian spies told him of divisions. He allied with Hindu bank rulers eager to get back at the Muslim prince, and used this money to buy off most of the Indian allies. When the battle happened, these allies deserted the Indian ruler. | 9 | |
| 739107032 | Sepoys | Troops that served the British East India Company; recruited from various warlike peoples of India. | 10 | |
| 807390814 | British Raj | The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government. British political establishment in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain in India. | 11 | |
| 278386723 | How did Britain consolidate their rule in India? | The Mughal empire began to break down, Britain slowly gained more control through wars with regional princes. Britain would intervene in wars between the weakened Indian states to get more land. Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta were three coastal places that became the administrative centers of the three presidencies which made up the bulk of the territory. The British would leave some princely states be and just control their kingdoms through agents at the court. | 12 | |
| 866941475 | How did the lack of unity help the British consolidate their empire? | there was no national unity. Princes continued to fight each other. Many Indians wanted to serve with the British for better weapons, pay, and treatment. There was a five to one ration of Indians serving the British to actual British soldiers. | 13 | |
| 190734517 | How did India contribute to Britain's empire? | It was the pivot of the great empire. it wasn't as much land as Canada and Australia, but it was the source of their largest and most powerful land force, one that started to be used as a police force for their entire British Indian empire. Also, India became the major outlet for overseas investments and manufactured goods. It also was a major source of raw materials. | 14 | |
| 775195662 | How did the English and Dutch change the social hierarchy at first? | They didn't at first really, they just established themselves at the top of the social hierarchy. They left the aristocracy in places, and even the ruling families to handle day to day administration. They were often paired with an agent of imperial power. | 15 | |
| 1031053995 | How did the British and English adapt in these areas? | They had to survive the hot tropical climates. The Dutch initially wanted to build a miniature Holland there, but quickly deserted the rivers and the high buildings for gardens and open areas for the breeze. The new houses had long roofs and porches to block out the sun. The canals the Dutch tried to set up didn't work because the rivers were a breeding ground for insects carrying malaria, dysentery, and typhoid. | 16 | |
| 215837981 | How did culture permeate to the Europeans in the British and Dutch colonies? | Some Englishmen wouldn't give up their wool clothes, but most adapted to the dress, eating, and work habits of the people. They smoked hookahs, and delighted in the dancing girls of India. They would work hard in the cool morning, then go home and nap and go back to work. Because most of the men going there were... men... miscegenation resulted, and even though there was some discrimination, this showed fluidity not present later. | 17 | |
| 867792508 | At first, what was the attitude toward social reform in the colonies? | No desire to push for changes. Christian missionaries not allowed on the islands so as to prevent offending the religious leaders. The caste system was reinforced. | 18 | |
| 356786199 | Nabobs | Aspiring British business men in India; Known for bad manners and mistreatment of natives; Caused 1770 Bengal Famine: 1/3 of the population of Bengal died from starvation, caused parliament to look into reforms, caused famine --> parliament restructured the company hierarchy and made it more connected with the government | 19 | |
| 444484418 | Lord Charles Cornwallis | Reformer of the East India Company administration of India in the 1790's; reduced power of local British administrators; checked widespread corruption | 20 | |
| 1033055663 | Why was there a push for change in India? | The Evangelical revival led to reform. Utilitarians were convinced that Indian society was less valuable than the British, and so they thought the Indians should be educated. | 21 | |
| 352434301 | Utilitarian | An ethical system stating that the greatest good for the greatest number should be the overriding concern of decision makers | 22 | |
| 402726978 | What was a central practice that wanted to be abolished? | sati. With the help of Western -educated Indian leaders, like Ram Mohun Roy, it was outlawed. | 23 | |
| 134774162 | What kind of Western ideas and technologies were transplanted to India? | English education, social reforms, railways, and the telegraph. Indians were encouraged in school to model their behavior on Europeans, like exercise, reading, and scientific learning. India was drawn into the global network, crop lands were registered, and forests were set aside for scientific reasons. | 24 | |
| 452193477 | What were two reasons for acquiring colonies? | Political - a huge empire meant a big status, and economic - there would be an insurance against raw material shortages. | 25 | |
| 741259488 | Who dominated first? | Britain, but Belgium, France, Germany, and the United States soon competed. | 26 | |
| 770308476 | What happened economically in the 19th century? | there was a series of dpressions. Colonies served as destinations for unemployed workers. | 27 | |
| 372655043 | How did Europe annex its overseas colonies? | the use of the telegraph and railroads made it easier to organize, and communicate. Mass journalism and the right to vote gave people a say. Empires become a source of pride as well as property. | 28 | |
| 673587116 | How was there unequal combat? | better mineral sources, chemists to make bombs, light mobile artillery, rifles, machine guns, intense naval power, railroads, all made it easy for them to go wherever they wanted, especially Africa and the Pacific Islands. Those defending had to use guerilla warfare, sabotage, and magic potions for divine resistance. | 29 | |
| 740758097 | What was Isandhluana? | a battle between the Zulu and British where 3000 Zulu died compared to 800 British. | 30 | |
| 28338374 | What were tropical dependencies? | European colonies where a small portion of Westerners ruled over a large native population. | 31 | |
| 1002365323 | What were settlement colonies? | Areas conquered by and settled by Europeans in a large amount. | 32 | |
| 593059945 | What were some varations of settler colonies? | White Dominions - mostly white, mostly places like Canada, Australia, and some parts of Latin America, like Argentina and Chile. In these places the small numbers of natives were killed off leaving the white. Mix of tropical dependencies and White Dominions - places where the Europeans went and the indigenous people survived. Whites could live there because of little disease and mild climate, like Kenya, Algeria, New Zealand, and Hawaii. Much strife resulted between the two in these societies. | 33 | |
| 426266495 | How did the Europeans rule their colonies? | They would sit in the cities and use the natives to do the work. They would organize the people into tribes, or pit different religious groups against one another in order to strengthen existing ethnic differences. Higher education was not promoted, and language education was left to missionaries. College graduation was low, and this is what they wanted because college graduates would want jobs the colonies did not have to offer. Favored groups like Christians were often promoted into the civil service compared to other groups. | 34 | |
| 1052884963 | How did relations between the colonizer and the colonized change? | As more and more Europeans came they stuck to themselves. New medicines allowed people to bring their wives over which sealed the gap. Fraternizing with natives was seen as a very bad thing. This is mostly due to women, but men there also made laws and housing arrangement to keep interaction to a minimum. Something also impacting this was white supremacy which started coming about in the decades before WWI. This was an idea that whites were superior intellectually and culturally, so there wasn't really a point in collaborating with the natives. They had their own social life and didn't allow natives in. | 35 | |
| 996346260 | How did Europeans try to improve export profits from their colonies? | Taught them in scientific farming techniques and compelled them to work harder and more efficiently. This benefited some of the colonized people with things such as cheaper consumerxxxx goods could be purchased with cash earned by producing crops. However, some worked with little pay, they had head and hut taxes, and they had to have a quota, which if not met, could mean the capturing of children or public flogging or murder. | 36 | |
| 345214752 | How were colonial economies shifted for the European market? | It started being centralized on the Europeans. Roads and railways were built to transfer their goods. Mining sectors were opened. | 37 | |
| 481765727 | Where did the profits and resources go? | Profits mostly went to merchants or industrialists, while the resources went to Europe to be made into manufactured goods. These finished products would go to European customers. Africans and Asians got little of what they produced and were paid poorly; this was the system of European dominance that complemented the cultural and societal dominance. | 38 | |
| 600221931 | Generally, what was life like in the colonies in South Africa and the Pacific? | competition and conflict between Europeans and natives, due to the large numbers of both there. | 39 | |
| 226684305 | Why was the Dutch Cape Town formed? | as a way station for food and water on the way to India | 40 | |
| 297505303 | What happened after the Great Trek? | the Boers found better climate to grow crops with little population and less disease. They enslaved the indigenous khoikhoi, and miscegenation led to the making of a "colored" population distinct from the Black. | 41 | |
| 829060453 | How did the British acquire the Cape? | Holland was captured by France in its revolution, and this made Dutch colonies a target for the British. | 42 | |
| 376774033 | How were the British different from the Boers? | the Boers spoke a different language, and the British society was changed by the scientific revolution and the industrial revolution. The British also had an intense desire to abolish slavery. | 43 | |
| 321875735 | What conflict arose because of the Great Trek? | Boers came into contact with powerful African states like the Zulu. Boers constantly clashed with the Bantu and eventually established an outpost in Natal. Although the British were never allied with the Boers, they helped defend against the Zulu and other Africans. | 44 | |
| 176203646 | How did Britain and the Boers divide? | Boer republics (one called the Orange Free and the other Transvaal) arose where British were not allowed. This faltered however when diamonds were discovered and people like Cecil Rhodes went causing a war. The Boers won this, but British started going back in when gold was discovered in Transvaal. | 45 | |
| 140349935 | What was the dispute about the Africans between the Boers and the British? | The British generally didn't do much about African treatment in the Boer Republics, but British miners that went to them didn't like how they were treated and voiced their concerns, thus starting the Boer War. | 46 | |
| 464980409 | Boer War | 1890 - Cecil Rhodes PM of Cape Colony; launched an expansion of the colony and annexed the Boer colonies to the north - Boers resisted and the costly war lasted from 1899 - 1902 ended w/ bitter distrust and hatred between the two groups as well as the creation of the Union of South Africa | 47 | |
| 765847933 | How were Pacific colonies influenced by the Europeans? | they could be easily influenced culturally by the more advanced Europeans. They were influence by diseases and had to adapt to survive. Hawaii and New Zealand had the largest populations and organization of any of the other places. | 48 | |
| 429945280 | What two periods of destruction did the Maori go through? | The first was when timber merchants and whalers established towns on their coast, introducing alcoholism, prostitution, and disease. They survived this though and started interacting with the Europeans by farming, and trading. The second time was when the British arrived and decided to conquer and colonize. The Maori fought but were no match for the larger British army. They eventually learned to use the British law system and received Western schooling to survive. | 49 | |
| 135074916 | When was Hawaii annexed as a colony? | initially 1843 by British, but in reality 1898 by the US. | 50 | |
| 454064771 | Captain James Cook | 1728-1779 British explorer and astronomer who led expeditions to the Pacific Ocean, Antarctica, Arctic, and around the world, credited with discovering Hawaii. Landed there in peace time, but later was killed because natives wanted nails. | 51 | |
| 128005865 | Kamehameha | Hawaiian prince; with British backing he created a unified kingdom by 1810; promoted the entry of Western ideas in commerce and social relations | 52 | |
| 706286273 | How were women affected by the Europeans in Hawaii? | They were not subordinated to women because of two great queens. They didn't have to cover their breasts although this changed. | 53 | |
| 848808067 | What happened as population declined? | the Europeans started using Asian imported workers. | 54 | |
| 177376291 | How did Hawaii become under imperialism? | farmers who had been gaining status thought United States control was needed, because Hawaiian monarchs were declining to disease and alcoholism. | 55 | |
| 221862085 | Was their racism in Hawaii? | Mostly not; definitely not to the degree elsewhere. There was great respect for Hawaiian culture. | 56 |
