A lot of random information on this, like 6 or so chapters crammed into one set
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| 22586486 | Gregor Mendel | father of modern genetics; collected data from a large sample of plants | |
| 22586487 | Law of Dominance | law stating that when two homozygous organisms with opposing traits breed, the offspring will be hybrids but only show the dominant phenotype | |
| 22586488 | Law of Segregation | the law that states during the formation of gametes, the two traits carried by each parent separate | |
| 22586489 | Monohybrid Cross | Tt and Tt mate | |
| 22586490 | Backcross/Testcross | a test done to determine the genotype of an organism; mate it with a homozygous recessive, if any show the recessive phenotype, organism is hybrid | |
| 22586491 | Law of Independent Assortment | applies to a cross between individuals hybrid for two or more traits; genes will assort independently | |
| 22586492 | Incomplete Dominance | blending; white flower + red flower = pink flower | |
| 22586493 | Codominance | in hybrid condition, both traits show | |
| 22586494 | Multiple Alleles | more than two allelic forms of a gene | |
| 22586495 | Epistasis | two separate genes control one trait, but one gene masks the expression of the other | |
| 22586496 | Pleiotropy | the ability of a single gene to affect an organism in many ways | |
| 22586497 | Polygenic Inheritance | includes traits that vary along a continuum, controlled by more than one gene | |
| 22586498 | Expressivity | the range of expression of mutant genes | |
| 22586499 | Linked Genes | genes on the same chromosome are always inherited together (unless crossing over separates them) | |
| 22586500 | Sex Linked | all genes on the X chromosome | |
| 22586501 | Map Units | the distance within which recombination occurs 1% of the time | |
| 22586502 | Linkage Map | based on the incidence of crossover; uses map units | |
| 22586503 | Barr Body | an inactivated X chromosome seen as a dark spot in all human female cells; genes on that chromosome are generally not expressed; selection of which X becomes inactive is random; also found in males with Klinefelter's Syndrome | |
| 22586504 | PKU | inability to break down the amino acid phenylalanine; requires change in diet at birth, otherwise mental retardation results; autosomal recessive | |
| 22586505 | Cystic Fibrosis | buildup of fluid in lungs; autosomal recessive | |
| 22586506 | Tay-Sachs | lack of an enzyme needed to break down lipids required for normal brain function; results in blindness and early death; autosomal recessive | |
| 22586507 | Huntington's Disease | degenerative disease of the nervous system resulting in certain death; autosomal dominant, onset in middle age | |
| 22586508 | Hemophilia | caused by absence of one or more protein-clotting factors; sex-linked recessive mutation | |
| 22586509 | Aneuploidy | any abnormal number of chromosomes | |
| 22586510 | Polyploidy | having extra complete sets of chromosomes, 3n or 4n; common in plants | |
| 22586511 | Down Syndrome | extra 21st chromosome; trisomy 21 | |
| 22586512 | Klinefelter's Syndrome | XXY, extra X chromosome | |
| 22586513 | Nondisjunction | an error that occurs during meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate | |
| 22586514 | Genomic Imprinting | the expression of certain traits varies depending on which parent contributed the gene | |
| 22586515 | Prader-Willi | deletion on chromosome 15; inherited from the father | |
| 22586516 | Angelman Syndrome | deletion on chromosome 15; inherited from the mother | |
| 22586517 | Fragile X Syndrome | the most common cause of mental retardation in the US; caused by excessive tandem repeats within the chromosome | |
| 22586518 | Extranuclear Inheritance | extranuclear genes are found in mitochondria and chloroplasts; diseases of the mitochondria are always inherited from the mother; affect muscles and the central nervous system | |
| 22651981 | Avery, MacLeod, McCarty | improved on Griffith's experiment (transformation) and proved that DNA was involved | |
| 22651982 | Hershey and Chase | carried out experiments that strongly supported DNA as the genetic material | |
| 22651983 | Rosalind Franklin | x-ray crystallography of DNA showed a helix shape | |
| 22651984 | Watson and Crick | double helix structure of DNA, recieved the Nobel Prize in 1953; hypothesized the semiconservative replication model | |
| 22651985 | Meselson and Stahl | proved semiconservative replication; cultured bacteria in nitrogen isotopes | |
| 22651986 | Semiconservative Replication | how DNA replicates; each new strand is half parent, half copy | |
| 22651987 | Purines | adenine and guanine are both ____; double ring structure | |
| 22651988 | Pyrimidines | cytosine and thymine are both ____; single ring structure | |
| 22651989 | Double | adenine binds with thymine by a _____ hydrogen bond | |
| 22651990 | Triple | cytosine binds with guanine by a _____ hydrogen bond | |
| 22651991 | Origins of Replication | DNA replication begins at special sites called ______ | |
| 22651992 | 5' to 3' | DNA Polymerase forms 2 new strands in this direction | |
| 22651993 | Leading Strands | strands that form continuously toward the fork | |
| 22651994 | Lagging Strands | strands that form in discontinuous segments away from the fork | |
| 22651995 | Okazaki Fragments | discontinuous segments in the lagging strands | |
| 22651996 | Helicase | enzyme that untwists the double helix | |
| 22651997 | Single-stranded binding proteins | scaffolding that holds two strands of DNA apart as they are copied | |
| 22651998 | DNA Ligase | enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments together | |
| 22651999 | Primase | enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make primer | |
| 22652000 | DNA Polymerase | adds nucleotides only to 3' | |
| 22652001 | Transcription | the process by which DNA makes RNA | |
| 22652002 | Initiation | first stage of transcription; RNA Polymerase binds to DNA at the promoter | |
| 22652003 | Elongation | second stage of transcription; RNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing chain | |
| 22652004 | Termination | third stage of transcription; stops after the termination sequence | |
| 22652005 | RNA Processing | noncoding regions of mRNA are removed by spliceosomes | |
| 22652006 | 5' cap | modified guanine added to 5' end of mRNA | |
| 22652007 | Poly-A tail | added to 3' end of mRNA | |
| 22652008 | Translation | process by which codons of mRNA are made into an amino acid sequence | |
| 22652009 | GTP (guanosine triphosphate) | energy for translation | |
| 22652010 | AUG | start codon, begins every mRNA strand | |
| 22652011 | UAA, UGA, UAG | stop codons, end every mRNA strand | |
| 22652012 | Wobble | the relaxation of base-pairing rules for the third nucleotide (UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG all code for the same amino acid, regardless of difference in 3rd base pair) | |
| 22652013 | Introns | sequences that do not code for any protein; removed during RNA processing; only present in eukaryotic DNA | |
| 22652014 | Exons | expressed sequences | |
| 22652015 | TATA Box | area within the promoter that mediates binding of transcription factors and RNA Polymerase to DNA; directs RNA Polymerase II to the initiation site | |
| 22652016 | Transduction | phage viruses acquire bits of foreign DNA as they infect different bacterial cells | |
| 22652017 | Lytic Cycle | virus infects and takes over a cell, replicates, cell bursts | |
| 22652018 | Lysogenic Cycle | virus infects and takes over a cell, replicates without destroying the cell | |
| 22652019 | Plasmid | foreign, small, circular, self-replicating DNA molecule that inhabits bacteria | |
| 22652020 | Promoter | binding site for RNA Polymerase | |
| 22652021 | Operator | binding site for repressor | |
| 22652022 | Repressor | binds to operator and prevents RNA polymerase from binding to promoter | |
| 22652023 | Transposon | "jumping genes" that move around the genome | |
| 22652024 | Telomeres | found at end of eukaryotic DNA, consists of a short sequence repeated, protects genes from being eroded through repeated replication | |
| 22652025 | p-53 | turns on genes involved in DNA repair; activates apoptosis | |
| 22652026 | Restriction Enzymes | "molecular scissors" cut DNA at specific recognition sites | |
| 22652027 | DNA Probe | radioactively labeled single strand of nucleic acid; used to identify a person who carries an inherited gene mutation | |
| 22652028 | Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms | differences in junk regions of DNA that vary across the population; DNA fingerprint, no two people (except identical twins) have the same RFLP pattern | |
| 22652029 | Polymerase Chain Reaction | technique by which a tiny piece of DNA can be rapidly copied | |
| 22652030 | Taq Polymerase | thermus aquaticus; required for PCR; heat stable at 100 degrees C |
