Spring 2014
Terms : Hide Images
| 1524523726 | thinking | any mental activity or processing of info, including learning, remembering, perceiving, communicating, believing, and deciding | 0 | |
| 1524523727 | cognitive economy | allows us to simplify what we attend to and keep the info we need for decision making to a manageable minimum | 1 | |
| 1524523728 | cognitive bias | systematic error in thinking; predispositions and default expectations that we use to interpret our experiences, that operate in our everyday lives | 2 | |
| 1524523729 | representativeness heuristic | heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype/based on how prevalent that event has been in past experience; stereotype; overgeneralizing from experiences with individuals within in a minority group for example | 3 | |
| 1524523730 | base rate | how common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population | 4 | |
| 1524523731 | availability heuristic | heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of an occurence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds/how available it is in our memories; call to mind mental images | 5 | |
| 1524523732 | hindsight bias | our tendency to overestimate how well we could have predicted something after it has already occurred; overestimate how accurately we could have predicted something happening once we know the outcome | 6 | |
| 1524523733 | confirmation bias | our tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses or beliefs to deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that doesnt | 7 | |
| 1524523734 | top-down processing | we fill in the gaps of missing info using our experience and background knowledge | 8 | |
| 1524523735 | concepts | our knowledge and ideas about a set of objects, actions, and characteristics that share core properties; allows us to have all of our general knowledge about dogs for example when we are dealing with a new dog | 9 | |
| 1524523736 | decision making | the process of selecting among a set of possible alternatives; either or choice | 10 | |
| 1524523737 | system 1 thinking | rapid and intuitive | 11 | |
| 1524523738 | system 2 thinking | slow and analytical | 12 | |
| 1524523739 | framing | the way a question is formulated that can influence the decisions people make | 13 | |
| 1524523740 | problem solving | generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal | 14 | |
| 1524523741 | algorithms | step-by-step learned procedure used to solve a problem; ensure we address all steps when we solve a problem | 15 | |
| 1524523742 | salience | how attention grabbing something is; tend to focus our attention on the surface level properties of a problem (topic of a algebra word problem and try to solve problems the same way we solved probs that exhibited similar surface characteristics) | 16 | |
| 1524523743 | mental set | phenomenon of becoming stuck in a specific problem-solving strategy(once find a workable solution thats dependable), inhibiting our ability to generate alternatives; cant think outside the box anymore | 17 | |
| 1524523744 | functional fixedness | difficulty conceptualizing that an object typically used for one purpose can be used for another | 18 | |
| 1524523745 | intelligence test | diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability; includes higher mental processes(reasoning, understanding, judgment) | 19 | |
| 1524523746 | abstract thinking | capacity to understand hypothetical concept, rather than concepts in the here and now | 20 | |
| 1524523747 | 1st intelligence agreed on | reason abstractly, learn to adapt to novel environmental circumstances, acquire knowledge, benefit from experience; later intelligence related to efficiency or speed of info processing; rapid thinkers tend to be more intelligent | 21 | |
| 1524523748 | g (general intelligence) | hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people; ...all intelligence test items are positively correlated bc they reflect the influence of overall intelligence; g corresponds to our strength of our mental engines, some more powerful more effective and efficient brains so have more g; implies some people just smarter than others | 22 | |
| 1524523749 | s (specific abilities) | particular ability/skills in a narrow domain(how well perform on mental test depends on g and s) | 23 | |
| 1524523750 | fluid intelligence | capacity to learn new ways of solving problems; decline with age, more highly related to g; better captures the power of the mental engine | 24 | |
| 1524523751 | crystallized intelligence | accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time; lasting knowledge, increase with age; positively associated with openness to experience | 25 | |
| 1524523752 | multiple intelligences | idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill; g only one component of intelligence; numerous frames of mind | 26 | |
| 1524523753 | existential intelligence | ability to grasp deep philosophical ideas like the meaning of life | 27 | |
| 1524523754 | triarchic model | model of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberg positing three distinct types of intelligence: analytical, practical, and creative | 28 | |
| 1524523755 | analytical intelligence | book smarts, type of intelligence needed on SATs and IQ tests | 29 | |
| 1524523756 | practical intelligence | street smarts; social intelligence: capacity to understand others | 30 | |
| 1524523757 | creative intelligence | creativity | 31 | |
| 1524523758 | bigger brain | correlated with more intelligence | 32 | |
| 1524523759 | prefrontal cortex | command and control center that pulls together info from other parts of brain to help think | 33 | |
| 1524523760 | reaction time | speed of responding to stimulus correlated to intelligence | 34 | |
| 1524523761 | metacognitive skills/metacognition | knowledge of our own knowledge | 35 | |
| 1524523762 | stanford-binet IQ test | intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon, adapted by Lewis Terman of Standford | 36 | |
| 1524523763 | intelligence quotient (IQ) | systematic means of quantifying the differences among people in their intelligence | 37 | |
| 1524523764 | mental age | age corresponding to the average individual's performance on an intelligence test; increase progressively in childhood, but start to level off around 16 | 38 | |
| 1524523765 | chronological age | actual age in years | 39 | |
| 1524523766 | deviation IQ | expression of a person's IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers | 40 | |
| 1524523767 | eugenics | movement in the early 20th century to improve a pops genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce, preventing those with bad genes from reproducing, or both | 41 | |
| 1524523768 | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | most widely used intelligence test for adults today, consisting of 15 subtests to assess diff types of mental abilities; based on more than verbal abilities; overall IQ, verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed | 42 | |
| 1524523769 | culture fair IQ tests | abstract reasoning measure that doesnt depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests are | 43 | |
| 1524523770 | practice effects | people that frequently improve on tests as a result of practice alone | 44 | |
| 1524523771 | threshold effect | above a certain level of IQ, intelligence is no longer predictive of important real world accomplishments | 45 | |
| 1524523772 | bell curve | distribution of scores in which the bulk of the scores fall towards the middle, with progressively fewer scores toward the tails or the extremes | 46 | |
| 1524523773 | assortative mating | the tendency of individuals with similar genes to have children | 47 | |
| 1524523774 | mental retardation | condition characterized by an onset prior to adulthood, an IQ below about 70, and an inability to engage in adequate daily functioning, sometimes gullibility; mild(can be mainstreamed into regular classrooms), moderate, severe, profound; fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome | 48 | |
| 1524523775 | family studies | intellectually smart individuals had many parents, siblings, children who were also brilliant, but fewer second degree relatives; dont allow to distinguish effects of genes from those of the environ | 49 | |
| 1524523776 | twin studies | higher identical than fraternal twin correlations strongly suggest genetic influence; imply IQ influenced by genetic factors, but correlate less than 1 so environ some role | 50 | |
| 1524523777 | Flynn effect | finding that average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approx three points per decade; from increased test sophistication(more experienced at taking tests), increased complexity of the modern world, better nutrition, changes at home and school(families smaller so parents devote more attention) | 51 | |
| 1524523778 | sex diff in IQ | no average sex diff in IQ; men more variable; men better on mental rotation tasks(spatial ability) and complex math; women better verbal | 52 | |
| 1524523779 | racial diff in IQ | african americans and hispanic americans lower than whites and asian americans highest; may be more related to socioeconomic status | 53 | |
| 1524523780 | within-group heritability | extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically influenced | 54 | |
| 1524523781 | between group heritability | extent to which the diff in a trait between groups is genetically influenced | 55 | |
| 1524523782 | test bias | tendency of a test to predict outcomes better in one group than another; diff things in one group than in another? | 56 | |
| 1524523783 | stereotype threat | fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype | 57 | |
| 1524523784 | divergent thinking | capacity to generate many diff solutions to a problem; outside the box thinking | 58 | |
| 1524523785 | convergent thinking | capacity to generate the single best solution to a problem | 59 | |
| 1524523786 | emotional intelligence | ability to understand our own emotions and those of others and to apply this info to our daily lives | 60 | |
| 1524523787 | wisdom | application of intelligence toward a common good | 61 | |
| 1524523788 | ideological immune system | our psychological defenses against evidence that contradicts our views | 62 |
