General College Biology I, Chapter 8, Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes
Vocabulary: metabolism, metabolic pathway, catabolic pathway, anabolic pathway, chemical energy, potential energy, kinetic energy, heat, thermodynamics, entropy, endergonic, exergonic, activation energy, phosphorylation, enzyme, catalyst, substrate, active site, allosteric site, cofactor, coenzyme, competitive inhibitor, noncompetitive inhibitor, allosteric regulation, feedback inhibition
Objectives: After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define metabolism.
2. Describe a metabolic (biochemical) pathway and distinguish between anabolic pathways
and catabolic pathways.
3. Explain the role of energy and enzymes in the chemical reactions in the cells of living
things.
4. Define energy.
5. List and describe 5 forms of energy.
6. State the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics and relate each to living systems.
7. Distinguish between endergonic and exergonic chemical reactions.
8. Describe the activation energy of a chemical reaction.
9. Describe ATP and its role as a source of chemical energy in cells.
10. Write the general chemical reactions for making ATP and using ATP.
11. State the function of enzymes.
12. Define catalyst and state why an enzyme is a catalyst.
13. Define and describe active site and relate it to the function of enzymes.
14. Relate the shape of enzymes to their function.
15. Define denaturation of proteins and explain how less than optimum temperature and pH
conditions could affect the function of enzymes
16. State the two types of cofactors (and examples of each), and describe their role in the function of some enzymes.
17. Describe the allosteric site found in some enzymes and explain how allosteric effectors (activators or inhibitors) influence the function of some enzymes.
18. Distinguish between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.
19. Describe feedback inhibition related to a metabolic pathway
| 2097191384 | metabolism | the totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabollic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism | 0 | |
| 2097191385 | metabolic pathway | a series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules (catabolic pathway) | 1 | |
| 2097191386 | catabolic pathway | a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules | 2 | |
| 2097191387 | anabolic pathway | a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules | 3 | |
| 2097191388 | bioenergetics | the overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism; the study of how energy flows through organisms | 4 | |
| 2097191389 | energy | the capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force). | 5 | |
| 2097191390 | kinetic energy | the energy associated with the relative motion of objects; moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter | 6 | |
| 2097191391 | heat (thermal) energy | that total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy; energy in its most random form | 7 | |
| 2097191392 | potential energy | the energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure) | 8 | |
| 2097191393 | chemical energy | energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a forma of potential energy | 9 | |
| 2097191394 | thermodynamics | the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. | 10 | |
| 2097191395 | first law of thermodynamics | the principle of conservation of energy; energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed | 11 | |
| 2097191396 | entropy | a measure of disorder, or randomness | 12 | |
| 2097191397 | second law of thermodynamics | the principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat | 13 | |
| 2097191398 | spontaneous process | a process that occurs without an overall input of energy; a process that is energetically favorable | 14 | |
| 2097191399 | free energy | the portion of a biological system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. The change in free energy of a system is calculated by the equation delta G = delta H - T delta S, where delta H is the change in enthaply (in biological systems, equivalent to total energy), T is the absolute temperature, and delta S is the change in entropy. | 15 | |
| 2097191400 | exergonic reaction | a spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy | 16 | |
| 2097191401 | endergonic reaction | a non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings | 17 | |
| 2097191402 | energy coupling | in cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction | 18 | |
| 2097191403 | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. | 19 | |
| 2097191404 | phosphorylated intermediate | a molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule | 20 | |
| 2097191405 | enzyme | a macromolecule serving as a catalystm a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction; most are proteins | 21 | |
| 2097191406 | catalyst | a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction | 22 | |
| 2097191407 | activation energy | the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation | 23 | |
| 2097191408 | substrate | the reactant on which an enzyme works. | 24 | |
| 2097191409 | enzyme-substrate complex | a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to is substrate molecule(s). | 25 | |
| 2097191410 | active site | the specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs | 26 | |
| 2097191411 | induced fit | caused by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snuggly to the substrate | 27 | |
| 2097191412 | cofactor | any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of of an enzyme; can be permanently bound to the active site or may be loosely bound and reversibly, along with the substrate during catalysis. | 28 | |
| 2097191413 | coenzyme | an organic molecule serving as a cofactor; in metabolic reactions, most vitamins function as this. | 29 | |
| 2097191414 | competitive inhibitor | a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics | 30 | |
| 2097191415 | noncompetitive inhibitor | a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing an enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyses the conversion of substrate to product | 31 | |
| 2097191416 | allosteric regulation | the binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site | 32 | |
| 2097191417 | cooperativity | a kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the other subunits, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those subunits | 33 | |
| 2097191418 | feedback inhibition | a method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. | 34 |
