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| 6058246114 | Caudal | toward the tail | 0 | |
| 6058252680 | Ipsilateral | on the same side | 1 | |
| 6058258501 | rostral | toward the nose | 2 | |
| 6058270400 | if something is 'medially' located it is | toward the middle or the spine | 3 | |
| 6058277856 | synonym for anterior | rostral | 4 | |
| 6058280232 | synonym for posterior | caudal | 5 | |
| 6058295306 | synonym for superior (in brain view) | dorsal (upper side) | 6 | |
| 6058300588 | synonym for inferior (in brain view) | ventral (lower side) | 7 | |
| 6058311678 | Coronal plane | gives a vertical plane from dorsal to ventral, separating caudal and rostral parts of brain Figure 3.2, page 69 | 8 | |
| 6058345811 | Horizontal plane | gives a horizontal plane from caudal to rostral separating the dorsal and ventral parts of the brain Figure 3.2, page 69 | 9 | |
| 6058366689 | CNS (central nervous system) is composed of | spinal cord and brain | 10 | |
| 6058372139 | PNS (periferal nervous system) includes | (SNS) sensory - somatic nervous system and the (ANS)Autonomic nervous system | 11 | |
| 6058383406 | Autotonomic nervous system includes two parts: | sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems | 12 | |
| 6058422591 | Central nervous system - is the core protected by... | skull and spinal cord - contains cell nuclei | 13 | |
| 6058437359 | Peripheral nervous system - | Parts of the cells that reach out to the periphery of the body and receive or send signals | 14 | |
| 6058444569 | Cranial nerves | part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)that enter the CNS through the skull | 15 | |
| 6058453169 | Other cells in the PNS enter the CNS : | through the spinal cord | 16 | |
| 6058459129 | Sensory (somatic) nervous system. (think 'senses') | Part of the PNS (mostly voluntary) that communicates and responds to the organisms external environment (touching a hot stove! ) | 17 | |
| 6058467741 | Autonomic nervous system(ANS) (- think 'automatic' | controls( mostly involuntary) internal vital processes like digestion, heart rate, respiration, hormone secretion | 18 | |
| 6058480597 | Sympathetic and parasympathetic Nervous system | part of the Autonomic nervous system (ANS) | 19 | |
| 6058508810 | Afferent nerves | coming into the CNS | 20 | |
| 6058510766 | Efferent nerves | going out to the muscles | 21 | |
| 6058512633 | Define 'Ganglion' (part of nerve cell) | A group of nerve cells forming a nerve center, especially one located outside the brain or spinal cord. | 22 | |
| 6058537527 | Define 'Soma' (part of a nerve cell) | or "cell body" is the bulbous, non-process portion of a neuron or other brain cell type, containing the cell nucleus. The word "soma" comes from the Greek σῶμα, meaning "body". | 23 | |
| 6058546059 | how many cranial nerves are there? | 12 carnial nerves - enter through the skull (your should memorize these slide 10) | 24 | |
| 6058561987 | First 3 cranial nerves | Olfactory, optic, and ocularmotor | 25 | |
| 6058566311 | cranial nerves 4 through 7 | trochlear, trigenminal, abducens, facial | 26 | |
| 6058572257 | cranial nerves 8 and 9 ( a mouthful!) | vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal | 27 | |
| 6058584393 | cranial nerves 10 through 12 | vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal (STUDY SLIDE 10) | 28 | |
| 6058599548 | Examples of parasympathetic nerve functions | constricts pupils, slows heart, stimulates erection:-) | 29 | |
| 6058607101 | Examples of sympathetic nerve functions | dialates pupils, increases heart rate, restricts urination , stimulates epinephrine (fight or flight responses) | 30 | |
| 6058626763 | approximate mass of human brain? | 1200 to 1500 grams | 31 | |
| 6058629561 | % of blood flow (oxygen)that goes to the Brain? | 20% !!!but its only 2% of the total body mass! Lots of calories go to make brain work | 32 | |
| 6058640044 | What side of the body does the right hemisphere of the brain control | the left side | 33 | |
| 6058650254 | the name of the non-nerural tissue that protects and surrounds the brain | Meninges | 34 | |
| 6058652406 | How many layers of meninges surround the brain? | 3 layers | 35 | |
| 6058657552 | what are the 3 meningeal layers surrounding the brain called? | Dura, arachnoid and pia matter | 36 | |
| 6058667020 | CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) | fluid constantly made and surrounds the brain (in the subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia mater) | 37 | |
| 6058681476 | ventricular system in the brain | in the center of the brain (and produces the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) that protects the brain (learn parts !!) | 38 | |
| 6058705855 | Nervous system development starts | about 3 weeks after fertilization and after the gastrula stage (slide 15 ) a neural plate forms <-- first part of nerve system | 39 | |
| 6058729113 | After gastrulation the ectoderm becomes: | Epidermins, CNS, PNS (slide 16) | 40 | |
| 6058731330 | After gastrulation the mesoderm (middle layer) becomes: | Kidneys liver, bones, , vascular, reproductive system | 41 | |
| 6058742093 | After gastrulation the endoderm (inside) becomes: | Intestines, lungs and liver | 42 | |
| 6058760101 | Define neurulation: | a neural groove forms and then closes making a neural tube which will develop into brain and spinal cord | 43 | |
| 6058773088 | the most common neurological problems in developing babies: | neural tube defects during the closing | 44 | |
| 6058776102 | Name 3 neural tube defects? | Anencephaly, Encephaloceles , Myelomeningocel | 45 | |
| 6058782964 | Most common of the 3 neural tube defects is: | Myelomeningocel - the backbone and spinal canal do not close before birth; paralyzed limbs, bowel and urinary dysfunction, excess fluid in the brain, intellectual disabilities | 46 | |
| 6058792711 | Encephaloceles | A neural tube defect: having sac-like protrusions of the brain and the membranes that cover it. | 47 | |
| 6058797670 | Anencephaly | being born with little or no brain | 48 | |
| 6058804925 | Differentiation ( of major parts of brain) | 4th week of gestation - the neural tube divides into three primary vesicles (bulges). | 49 | |
| 6058811700 | Names of the primary vesicles in brain development are: | prosencephalon (forebrain) mesencephalon (midbrain) rhombencephalon (hindbrain) | 50 | |
| 6058817057 | Which part of the primary vesicle structures will become the spinal cord? | behind the rhombencephalon, the neural tube continues; this part will produce the spinal cord | 51 | |
| 6058822048 | Proliferation | formation of major parts of the brain ,7th week - 5 main structures | 52 | |
| 6058829543 | 5 main structures of the brain formed in Proliferation: | Telencephalon (anterior forebrain) Diencephalon (posterior forebrain) Mesencephalon (midbrain) Metencephalon (rostral hindbrain) Myelencephalon (caudal hindbrain) (study slide 19) | 53 | |
| 6058839849 | the telencephelon becomes: | cerebral cortex basal telencephalon (basal ganglia) olfactory bulb and limbic system | 54 | |
| 6058843859 | the diencephelon becomes: | thalamus hypothalamus | 55 | |
| 6058850139 | Lateral and third ventricles are formed in between: | the telencephalon and the diencephalon (third ventricle forms in the space at the center of the diencephalon | 56 | |
| 6058862360 | the mid-brain (mesencephelon) contains the: | tectum and tegmentum (and cerebral aquaduct) | 57 | |
| 6058872722 | also in the mid-brain(and hind brain): | the rostral portion of the hind brain differentiates into cerebellum and pons | 58 | |
| 6058877194 | Central canal (mesencephalon) becomes | the fourth ventricle | 59 | |
| 6058890209 | List 3 processes allow stem cells to transform into full blown nerve cells? | 1) proliferation (make a bunch of cells 2) determination (cell fate gets decided) 3) migration and differentiation (neurons migrate to final destination and make all the final connections that allow them to function | 60 | |
| 6058907403 | Axons and dendrites form in nerve cells when: | the cell has migrated to its final destination | 61 | |
| 6058911477 | How do axons find their specific target cells? | select correct route find the right target connect at the correct final destination (magic?) | 62 | |
| 6058920071 | "growth cone" of an axon | zone at the tip of axon sensitive to chemical signals that determine direction and elongation of axon | 63 | |
| 6058930106 | 3 types of molecules direct development of "growth cone" | cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), chemotropic factors , trophic factors | 64 | |
| 6058935449 | cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) | non-diffusable- attached to various substrates along the growth cone's path; recognized by specific receptors on the growth cone's membrane | 65 | |
| 6058935450 | chemotropic factors | secreted by the target cells, into the surrounding extracellular environment - guide the growth cone via: chemoattraction chemorepulsion | 66 | |
| 6058937203 | trophic factors | do not provide guidance signals as such but are necessary for the elongation of the axon; role in the formation of synaptic connections | 67 | |
| 6058952639 | Embryos only produce as many neurons as needed (true or false?) | false they produce 2 to 3 times more | 68 | |
| 6058955048 | What causes some neurons to live and others to die? | trophic factors!!! ensure axon survival once it has formed certain functional synaptic connections; they are secreted in limited amounts by the target cells, so that only a subset of the neurons that innervate them receive enough to survive | 69 | |
| 6058959859 | what happens to neurons that dont get enough trophic factors? | they die = Neuronal death | 70 | |
| 6058963588 | Define apoptosis: | Bodies programmed cell death | 71 | |
| 6058967112 | Define necrosis: | accidental cell death | 72 | |
| 6058970023 | Name some neurodevelopmental abnormalities/atypicalities | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) - caused by the ingestion of alcohol during pregnancy, especially during the 3rd to 4th week (Sulik, 2005) - Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Schizophrenia Affective Disorders | 73 | |
| 6058975671 | How does FAS result in neurodevelopmental abnormalities? | alcohol interferes with cell adhesion molecules | 74 | |
| 6058979347 | What causes Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) | apoptosis Increased local connectivity (short-range axons), but decreased long-range connectivity "Extreme male brain" theory of autism | 75 | |
| 6058988984 | What may cause Schizophrenia? | - influenza + possibly rubella, toxoplasmosis, toxins etc. most vulnerable period -2nd trimester apoptosis - excessive prunning? paternal age | 76 | |
| 6058995428 | What may cause affective disorders? | e.g., Dome et al. (2010) - seasonality effect (summer)?? | 77 |
