chapters 22-24
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| 375986514 | Kingdom Plantae | "gren plants" containing: multicellular eukaryotes, cell walls made of cellulose, photosynthesis carried out by chlorophyll, eat sun aka photons | |
| 375986516 | survival of plants | -sunlight -water -gas exchange -movement of water and nutrients | |
| 375986518 | origin of plants | most of history plants didn't exist until they evolved from an organism very similar to algae | |
| 375986520 | algae | not a plant; not in the Kingdom Plantae; act like real plants | |
| 375986522 | Plantae Kingdom Division | -mosses and their relatives -ferns and their relatives -cone bearing plants -flowering plants | |
| 375986524 | Bryophyte group | *mosses and their relatives -no vascular system | |
| 375986526 | Fern group | *and their relatives -vascular system, no seeds | |
| 375986529 | Gymnosperm group | *cone-bearing plants -vascular system, seeds | |
| 375986530 | Angiosperm group | *flowering plants -vascular system, flowers with seeds enclosed in fruits | |
| 375986531 | angiosperms | "covered seed" -flowers that have fruits with seeds -dominant plant in the world b/c they live everywhere -260,000 species (88% of Plantae) -most successful and advanced EX-watermelon | |
| 375986532 | angiosperm reproductive system | develop unique reproductive organs known as flowers, which attract insects and animals to aid in pollination; pollination turns the ovaries into fruits that protects the seeds and aids dispersal | |
| 375986533 | monocot | an angiosperm with one cotyledon (corn, lily's etc) | |
| 375986534 | dicot | an angiosperm with two cotyledons (beans, oak etc) | |
| 375986535 | cotyledon | the first leaves that develop on a plant after the zygote turns into an embryo | |
| 375986536 | woody plants | stems of the plants are made of wood ex: trees, shrubs, vines, grapes | |
| 375986537 | herbaceous plants | plants with stems that are smooth and not woody ex: dandelion, sunflowers, zinnias | |
| 375986538 | annuals | flowering plants that complete a life cycle with one growing season ex: pansies, petunias, zinnias | |
| 375986539 | biennials | flowering plants that complete their life cycle in two years ex: primrose, parsley, celery | |
| 375986540 | perennials | flowering plants that live for more than two years ex: plants with woody stems like honey suckles, or sagebush | |
| 375986541 | seed dispersal | wind, water and animals ^seeds being blown elsewhere ^^hard rain puncturing the mud and spreading seeds ^^^climbing trees and seeds attaching and being spread where animal moves OR eat seed, poop it out, poop is fertilizer for seed | |
| 375986542 | 3 principle organs of seed platns | roots stems leaves | |
| 375986543 | roots | *absorb water and nutrients *anchor plants and prevent erosion *hold plants upright in wind and rain | |
| 375986544 | stems | *carry water and nutrients from roots & photosynthesis *protect plant against disease and predators *support system of the plant | |
| 375986545 | leaves | *main photosynthetic system *adjustable pores allow gases to enter and exit *protect against water loss | |
| 375986546 | plant tissue systems | dermal vascular ground | |
| 382916620 | dermal tissue | protects against water loss and injury and includes: epidermal cells, trichomes, and guard cells | |
| 382916621 | epidermal cells | a single layer of thick, waxy tissue that covers the outer layer of a plant | |
| 382916622 | trichomes | tiny projections that help protect the leaf and also give off a fuzzy appearance | |
| 382916623 | guard cells | regulate water loss and gas exchange by controlling the opening and closing of the stomata | |
| 382916624 | vascular tissue | a system that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant and includes: xylem, tracheid, vessel elements, phloem, sieve tube elements, and companion cells | |
| 382916625 | xylem | a water-conducting tissue that made of tracheids and vessel elements | |
| 382916626 | tracheid | long, narrow cell that is impermeable to water and connect neighboring cells to one another | |
| 382916627 | vessel elements | a wide tube that allows water to continuously move freely through the tracheid | |
| 382916628 | phloem | a food-conducting system that contains sieve tube elements and companion cells | |
| 382916629 | sieve tube elements | the main phloem that is a tube that materials move through, one cell to the next, through tiny holes at the end wall | |
| 382916630 | companion cells | surround sieve tubes and aid the movement of material from in and out of phloem | |
| 382916631 | ground tissue | supporting the plants and a site for photosynthesis that includes: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma | |
| 382916632 | parenchyma | cells with thin cell walls and a thin cytoplasm with a large central vacuole that is packed with chloroplasts for photosynthesis | |
| 382916633 | collenchyma | strong, flexible cells that help support the plants and are known as the strings in celery | |
| 382916634 | sclerenchyma | cells with extremely thick and rigid walls that make the ground tissue tough and strong | |
| 382916635 | types of roots | taproot fibrous roots | |
| 382916636 | taproot | a primary root found mainly in dicots that can grow long enough to reach water below the surface | |
| 382916637 | fibrous roots | found in monocots and has roots that never grow bigger than one another | |
| 382916638 | epidermis | performs the dual functions of protection and absorption that surrounds the spongy layer of ground tissue | |
| 382916639 | endodermis | a layer of cells extended from the cortex that completely encloses the root's vascular system called the vascular cylinder | |
| 382916640 | vascular tissue | made up of xylem and phloem and is located inside the endodermis and makes up the vascular cylinder | |
| 382916641 | ground tissue | lies between vascular and epidermis tissue and is a spongy layer called the cortex | |
| 382916642 | root hairs | tiny cellular projections that penetrate the spaces between soil particles and produce a large surface area for water to enter the plant | |
| 382916643 | apical meristem | a group of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots |
