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Introduction to Psychology - APSY 101 (Exam 1) Flashcards

University at Albany
Professor - Robert Rossellini

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1661257302PsychologyThe scientific study of behavior and experience and their physiological and cognitive underpinnings.0
1661257303ClinicalAn advanced degree such as a PhD. or PsyD. is needed. Specialized in treatment for people with mental disorders and psychological problems.1
1661257304PsychiatryBranch of medicine that deals with emotional disturbances.2
1661257305Behavioral NeuroscienceThe study of brain and behavior with a focus on the biological and psychological processes of motivation, addiction, learning, memory, information processing, evolution, individual differences and genetics.3
1661257306CognitiveThe study of human learning, memory, attention and information processing.4
1661257307Industrial-OrganizationalBehavior of individuals in organizations.5
1661257308SocialSocial forces in behavior of individuals, behavior of groups and individuals within a group, inter-personal relationships, change and attitude.6
1661257309DevelopmentalStudy of human and animal development across the life span, child psychology and early development, adolescent psychology, geriatric psychology.7
1661257310PersonalityConsistency in an individual's behavior and the factors which influence it.8
1661257311Psychometricsthe scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits9
1661257312Educationalapplication of psychological principles to an educational setting.10
1661257313ForensicApplication of psychological principles to legal issues.11
1661257314SocratesStarted to ask questions to gain knowledge on behavior. Given a choice to be exiled or to drink poison. He drank the poison.12
1661257315PtolemyAlexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD)13
1661257316Copernicus1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.14
1661257317Galieowrote a book that was criticized by the Catholic church and stated that Earth was not the center of the universe15
1661257318NewtonCame up with the law of gravity.16
1661257319Rene Descartes"I think, therefore I am"17
1661257320HobbesArgued that all behavior can be explained in a mechanistic fashion.18
1661257321LockeArgued that all men are inheretly equal.19
1661257322HummeYou are all born equal, but once put into certain enviorments, you are then unequal.20
1661257323Charles DarwinLaw of natural selection.21
1661257324Wundt1879 the first Psychological laboratory22
1661257325TitchnerMethod of Introspection to uncover the nature of consciousness23
1661257326FunctionalismPsychology as the study of the function of consciousness & behavior24
1661257327PavlovSet up experiment that you ring a bell and give a dog food. Demonstrates object association.25
1661257328WatsonAmerican psychologist who first developed behaviorist thought26
1661257329SkinnerAmerican psychologist who developed the operant conditioning model of learning; emphasized studying the relationship between environmental factors and observable actions, not mental processes, in trying to achieve a scientific explanation of behavior27
1661257330BehvaiorismPsychology as the science of behavior28
1661257331GestaltPsychology as the study of holistic behavioral and perceptual processes29
1661257332Witmerfound 1st psych clinic in UPENN30
1661257333Sigmund FreudA psychologist who developed psychoanalysis. Believed strongly that unconscious drives and desires guided people's actions.31
1663906665Empiricismknowledge based on systematic observation32
1663906666Rationalismrules of logic to arrive at a conclusion33
1663906667Steps in the Scientific Method1 - Observe 2 - Gather 3 - Analyze 4 - Conclude34
1663906668Goals of ScienceTo describe phenomena and be able to measure it.35
1663906669Advantages of the Scientific MethodPrecision of thought and self-correction.36
1663906670TheoryTheory derives from replications of hypothesis.37
1669018281HypothesisA testable prediction.38
1669018282Independent VariableThe experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.39
1669018283Dependent VariableThe outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.40
1669018284Control GroupGroup of tested subjects that are not being affected by any variable.41
1669018285Experimental GroupGroup of tested subjects that are being effected by the tested variable.42
1669018286FalsifiabilityA property of a statement or hypothesis such that it can (in principle, at least) be rejected in the face of contravening evidence.43
1669018287ParsimonyIn scientific studies, the search for the least complex explanation for an observed phenomenon44
1669018288Standard of Proof1 - Data collected using scientifically accepted methods 2 - Peer review of data and theory 3 - Replication of data45
1669018289Burden of ProofProponents of position must offer valid proof of claim46
1669018290Case StudyDetailed description of a single individual.47
1669018291Naturalistic Observationdescription of behavior under natural conditions48
1669018292SurveyStudy of attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors based on answers to questions.49
1669018293CorrelationDescription of a relationship between two variables.50
1669018294ExperimentDetermination of the effect of a variable controlled by the investigator on some other variable that is measured.51
1669018295Sampling BiasWhen a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.52
1669018296Participant SeriousnessA factor that plays into the response of a person when partaking in a survey.53
1669018297Demand CharacteristicsAny aspects of a study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave.54
1669018298Question WordingDoes the question have a favorable answer.55
1669018299Surveyor Biaswording question to encourage answers they are hoping to receive56
1669018300R-ValueThe measure of a correlation.57
1669018301Strong Positive CorrelationWhen the r-value is close to 1.58
1669018302Strong Negative CorrelationWhen the r-value is close to -1.59
1669018303Correlation does not mean....Causation60
1669018304Correlation does cause...Inferences61
1669018305Convenience SampleAnyone who's available62
1669018306Representative SampleSame percentage of male/female, black/white, etc, in the population.63
1669018307Random SampleEveryone in the population has the same chance of being chosen.64
1669018308Cross-Cultural SampleSample of different cultures.65
1669018309Placebo EffectExperimental results caused by expectations alone66
1669018310Nocebo Effectnegative effects derived from expectations67
1669018311Single BlindParticipant is unaware of experimental conditions68
1669018312Double BlindParticipant is unaware of experimental conditions and either the observer or the experimenter is unaware of the conditions.69
1669018313Bell MagendieDiscovered physical apperance of the reflex arch70
1669018314NeuronsA nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.71
1669018315Cell BodyLargest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus.72
1669018316AxonA threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.73
1669018317Myelin SheathA layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons.74
1669018318Nodes of RanvierGaps in a myelin sheath.75
1669018319Terminal BoutonsPresynaptic axon endings76
1669018320Resting PotentialSodium ions that are positively charged are on the outside of the neuron, while positively charged Potassium ions on the inside of the neuron, along with negatively charged Protein.77
1669018321Action PotentialAn electrical impulse moves down the axon causing sodium ions to enter the axon through the sodium channels, as the negative charges of the protein attract the positive ions.78
1669018322SynapseA junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.79
1669018323Synaptic TransmissionNeurotransmitter synthesis, Storage, Release, Binding, Inactivation, Reuptake80
1669018329AChNeurotransmitter for attention, arousal, memory and muscles. Agonists examples are nicotine and poisonous spider bites. Antagonists, botox.81
1669018330DopamineA neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.82
1669018331DA and Depressiondecreased DA activity & decreased experience of pleasure83
1669018332DA and Schizophreniaincreased post synaptic receptors & agitation - halucinations84
1669018333DA and ParkinsonsDA Cell death in subtantia nigra & decreased motor movement85
1669018334DA and Drug Abuse/AddictionDA activation - pleasure and addiction86
1669018335NorepinephrineMemory of emotional and meaningful events87
1669018336SerotoninAffects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal88
1669018337The Turkey MythTurkey contains tryptophan which is a precursor to Serotonin, but it is not the serotonin that makes you sleepy after Thanksgiving dinner.89
1669018338GABAinhibitory, reduces anxiety and controls mood90
1669018339Endorphins"morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.91
1669018340CerebelumPart of the brain that functions to coordinate voluntary muscular movements92
1669018341MedulaLocated in the hindbrain, controls some basic vital functions such as the heart, breathing.93
1669018342PonsLocated in the hindbrain, controls the reticular activating system, which keeps you awake.94
1669018343HypothalamusLocated in the forebrain, controls fighting, fleeing feeding, and sex.95
1669018344ThalamusLocated in the forebrain, controls sensory information.96
1669018345HippocampusLocated in the forebrain, helps process explicit memories for storage.97
1669018346AmygdalaLocated in the forebrain, controls emotions and fear98
1669018347Frontal LobeLocated in the cerebral cortex, controls planning, social control, self-recognition self-awareness, primary motor area, and fine movement control99
1669018348Parietal LobeLocated in the cerebral cortex, controls sensory processing.100
1669018349Occipital LobeLocated in the cerebral cortex, controls vision processing.101
1669018350Temporal LobeLocated in the cerebral cortex, controls memory, auditory processes, speech processes and complex vision processes.102
1669018351SperrySection of Cerebral Cortex - Split brain - for management of epilepsy103
1669018352Left Brain Hemispherecontrols right side of the body, Languages, Sensory information and control of the right side of the body, verbal abilities, positive emotion, sequential, analytical and processing104
1669018353Right Brain Hemispherecontrols the left side of the body, artistic ability, speech prosody, spatial manipulation, perceiving and portraying emotion, inference making105

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